Tech Square Ventures

Tech Square Ventures, LLC is a venture capital firm based in Atlanta, Georgia, specializing in seed and early-stage investments in technology companies. Founded in 2014, the firm focuses on investing in enterprises, marketplaces, platform technologies, and tech-enabled services. It particularly targets investments in connected devices, medical devices, and information technology, with a strong emphasis on university research spinoffs that possess defensible intellectual property and proven technology. Tech Square Ventures typically invests between $0.25 million and $0.5 million in its portfolio companies, primarily within the Southeast and Georgia regions. The firm also engages in co-investments and leverages a strategic network of relationships within the innovation ecosystem, including corporate and university partnerships, to support entrepreneurs in enhancing their market access and go-to-market strategies.

Joelle Fox

CFO and Operating Partner

Scott Lopano

Associate

Melissa Pegus

Senior Associate

44 past transactions

Cloverly

Series A in 2023
Provide tools for businesses and organizations to achieve carbon neutrality by connecting online buyers to local, high-quality renewable energy through their Sustainability-as-a-Service platform. Clean-tech startup creating a sustainability-as-a-service platform to make carbon offsets accessible for everyday activities.

Therma

Series A in 2023
Therma specializes in developing and manufacturing wireless temperature and humidity sensors aimed at enhancing food management and reducing food waste. Utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the company's software and hardware tools facilitate data-driven refrigeration management, thereby improving food safety and minimizing product loss. Therma serves a diverse clientele across various sectors, including food service, healthcare, hospitality, and manufacturing, partnering with notable organizations such as major restaurant chains and convenience stores. The company's solutions not only improve operational efficiency and sustainability but also contribute to climate change mitigation by preventing waste. With its headquarters in San Francisco, California, and an office in Cebu, Philippines, Therma is committed to supporting businesses in their pursuit of profitability while promoting environmental stewardship.

GlacierGrid

Series A in 2023
CoInspect is a technology startup whose mission is to protect our food and our planet. We build technology to ensure food safety and sustainability from farm to fork. Our IoT-based 24/7 temperature monitoring sensors and mobile checklist app eliminate food waste, improve safety and reduce refrigeration emissions, protecting millions worldwide. We’re deployed across 5,000+ restaurants, retailers and manufacturers with leading brands including Starbucks, McDonalds, TGI Fridays, Chick-fil-A, and 7-Eleven. Founded by experienced entrepreneurs from Harvard and Columbia, we’re a mission-driven team passionate about making the world better and safer. We are based in San Francisco and supported by renowned venture capitalists including D.E. Shaw and Social Capital.

Call Simulator Inc.

Convertible Note in 2023
Call Simulator is an AI-powered, emergency call training software that fully integrates with ProQA Discovery. It is used by 911 call centers around the nation, allowing trainees to improve their Active Listening skills while gaining experience operating within the ProQA platform. This augmented-training software reduces the need for expensive human role-playing while decreasing overall costs associated with training center contact agents.

Goodr

Venture Round in 2022
Goodr Inc. is a sustainable food surplus management platform that utilizes technology to mitigate food waste and address hunger. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, the company offers a real-time food rescue application that assists businesses in managing their edible food waste. Through its platform, Goodr enables businesses to donate surplus food to local nonprofit organizations while providing logistics, analytics, and security to ensure compliance with tax regulations. The software offers insights into food waste patterns, real-time donation tracking, and community impact reports, which help organizations quantify their contributions. Goodr’s blockchain-enabled platform also ensures an IRS audit-friendly record of donations, fostering a transparent process. By facilitating these donations, Goodr aims to create a triple-win scenario: enhancing the financial benefits for businesses through tax deductions, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from landfills, and alleviating hunger in communities.

Saleo

Pre Seed Round in 2022
Saleo is a sales demo experience platform tailored for software companies, aimed at enhancing the demo process for sales and revenue teams. By integrating data visualization services, Saleo enables organizations to create engaging and accurate demos directly within their live SaaS products. This platform addresses common challenges such as missing data and outdated demo environments, significantly reducing the time and effort required for demo preparation. Users can customize demos quickly, ensuring that they resonate with customer pain points and improve the likelihood of closing deals. With complete control over all visual elements, including graphs, metrics, and images, Saleo empowers teams to deliver compelling presentations that drive sales success.

Bluedot

Convertible Note in 2022
Bluedot Innovation, Inc. specializes in location-based technology, providing a geofencing platform that enhances mobile applications and marketing strategies for various industries, including quick service restaurants, retail, and transportation. Founded in 2012 and headquartered in San Francisco, California, with additional offices in East Melbourne, Sydney, and Austin, Bluedot offers products such as Bluedot Point, a software development kit that enables brands to create engaging and interactive experiences for users. Their technology allows for precise identification of mobile app users when they arrive at businesses, place mobile orders, or navigate through tolls. Bluedot prioritizes user privacy by adhering to GDPR and CCPA guidelines, ensuring that personal information remains secure and is not shared or sold. The company’s solutions also include integration with various marketing clouds and support features like drive-thru services, click-and-collect, and loyalty programs.

Itential

Convertible Note in 2022
Itential, LLC provides information technology and networking solutions. The company's services include, network automation, Pronghron platform, and advisory services. It provides Golden Configuration Manager, MOP Automation, Service Management, Pronghorn Applications software solutions. The company was founded in 2014 and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

FortifyData

Seed Round in 2022
FortifyData, Inc. is a cyber security software company based in Kennesaw, Georgia, founded in 2015. The company specializes in providing solutions that enable enterprises to assess, identify, and manage their cyber security threats effectively. Its cyber risk scoring platform evaluates performance against essential risk indicators, facilitating compliance with various industry security standards and regulations, such as PCI, HIPAA, SOC 2, ISO 27001, and NIST. FortifyData's software addresses security concerns related to human factors, processes, and technology, offering organizations a comprehensive approach to enhance their cyber security posture.

Slope Software

Seed Round in 2021
Slope Software, Inc. specializes in cloud-based actuarial modeling and risk management solutions tailored for insurers, actuaries, and financial institutions. Founded in 2015 and based in Chamblee, Georgia, the company offers a comprehensive platform that facilitates asset/liability modeling across various insurance products and investments. Its features support a wide range of actuarial functions, including pricing, valuation, asset-liability management (ALM), and cash flow testing. The platform is designed for ease of use, featuring a point-and-click interface that allows users to construct models without extensive programming knowledge. It effectively manages assumptions and inputs, integrating with existing data sources like Excel, and tracks all changes for model governance and validation. Results are presented through integrated business intelligence dashboards, offering visually appealing insights. Built on Amazon Web Services, the system is scalable and can handle multiple scenarios simultaneously while ensuring data security through encryption. Slope Software stands out as a pioneering provider of fully cloud-based actuarial modeling solutions.

Cloverly

Seed Round in 2021
Provide tools for businesses and organizations to achieve carbon neutrality by connecting online buyers to local, high-quality renewable energy through their Sustainability-as-a-Service platform. Clean-tech startup creating a sustainability-as-a-service platform to make carbon offsets accessible for everyday activities.

Virsec

Venture Round in 2021
Virsec Systems, Inc. specializes in cybersecurity solutions tailored for DevOps, SecOps, and industrial control systems. Founded in 2005 and headquartered in San Jose, California, with additional offices in Acton, Massachusetts, and Bengaluru, India, the company offers advanced runtime application memory protection and web application security. Utilizing its patented Trusted Execution technology, Virsec safeguards critical applications by monitoring processes in memory and identifying real-time deviations indicative of cyber-attacks. This proactive approach eliminates the guesswork in cybersecurity, allowing organizations to detect and mitigate application attacks swiftly, while also providing detailed forensic insights. Virsec serves a diverse range of sectors, including financial services, healthcare, government, and technology, addressing the increasing need for robust protection against sophisticated cyber threats.

Virsec

Series C in 2021
Virsec Systems, Inc. specializes in cybersecurity solutions tailored for DevOps, SecOps, and industrial control systems. Founded in 2005 and headquartered in San Jose, California, with additional offices in Acton, Massachusetts, and Bengaluru, India, the company offers advanced runtime application memory protection and web application security. Utilizing its patented Trusted Execution technology, Virsec safeguards critical applications by monitoring processes in memory and identifying real-time deviations indicative of cyber-attacks. This proactive approach eliminates the guesswork in cybersecurity, allowing organizations to detect and mitigate application attacks swiftly, while also providing detailed forensic insights. Virsec serves a diverse range of sectors, including financial services, healthcare, government, and technology, addressing the increasing need for robust protection against sophisticated cyber threats.

Coros

Seed Round in 2021
Developer of logistics technology designed to make the supply chain quicker and more efficient. The company's technology utilizes advanced optics, computer vision, and artificial intelligence to add intelligence to every touchpoint in the logistics chain, enabling companies to optimize the movement of their goods with real-time visibility and actionable insights.

Filtered

Seed Round in 2020
Filtered, LLC is a Boston-based company founded in 2016 that specializes in a technical candidate interview platform designed to enhance the hiring process for engineering positions. The platform employs a blend of engineering interview templates and coding tasks to assess candidates' abilities, focusing on both technical skills and cultural fit. By utilizing artificial intelligence, Filtered aids organizations in identifying, evaluating, and hiring qualified engineers while minimizing unconscious bias. The company offers automated technical screening, customizable interview processes, and advanced data filtering capabilities across web, iOS, and Android platforms. This approach aims to streamline hiring, reduce time-to-fill, and improve the quality of hires while lowering overall recruitment costs.

Speedscale

Seed Round in 2020
Speedscale Inc. develops a software to help companies test applications with less errors in production. Its software also prevents production incidents hidden in the users’ code by using K8S traffic to write tests and mocks for them. The company’s solutions include DevOps/SRE pros, engineering leads, and application executives. Speedscale Inc. was founded in 2020 and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

Vyv

Series A in 2020
Vyv, formerly known as Vital Vio, Inc., designs and manufactures advanced lighting systems branded as VioSafe, focusing on antibacterial solutions. The company produces a range of products, including under cabinet lights, replacement bulbs, and various LED fixtures specifically designed to combat germs and enhance infection control in diverse settings. Its products are utilized in commercial environments such as hospitals, veterinary clinics, laboratories, schools, and food preparation facilities, among others. Vyv aims to protect people and spaces from harmful microorganisms by integrating antimicrobial properties into its lighting solutions. Founded in 2012 and headquartered in Troy, New York, the company has established partnerships with notable organizations, including Duke University and UCLA Health, and serves various sectors, including healthcare, food processing, and commercial industries.

otto-js

Seed Round in 2020
otto by DEVCON develops advanced runtime application security software aimed at enhancing internet safety and simplifying security measures for businesses. The software is designed to help organizations quickly secure their digital environments with minimal coding required, integrating seamlessly with major content delivery networks, cloud marketplaces, and content management systems. By providing real-time intelligence on security vulnerabilities and dynamic threats, otto protects brand integrity and customer data from various cyber risks, including client-side attacks and data breaches. Additionally, the platform offers automated tools for monitoring and mitigating risks associated with third-party scripts and outdated libraries. With a commitment to democratizing cybersecurity, otto provides a Chrome extension that alerts users to potential threats while gathering crowd-sourced threat intelligence. This continuous feed of information enhances the software's capabilities, fostering a self-healing technology that adapts to emerging threats. Founded in 2017 and headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, DEVCON is dedicated to safeguarding consumers and businesses alike from the growing landscape of cyber threats.

The Mom Project

Series B in 2020
The Mom Project, Inc. is a digital marketplace that connects women with companies seeking to fill various roles across fields such as marketing, finance, technology, and project management. Founded in 2015 and based in Cincinnati, Ohio, the platform serves a community of over 275,000 professionals and more than 2,000 companies, focusing on helping mothers stay active in the workforce. The Mom Project not only provides job opportunities tailored to the needs of working mothers but also offers companies insights into their workplace practices regarding women, along with recommendations to improve conditions for mothers and their employees. By facilitating connections and advocating for better workplace policies, The Mom Project aims to create a more supportive environment for women and redefine career trajectories that align with their personal goals.

Resilia

Series A in 2020
Resilia simplifies the formation of new nonprofits and provides existing organizations with on-demand tools that optimize operations and increase effectiveness. It helps accelerate the formation process for new organizations, and ensure existing organizations execute their mission and drive results. Its Enterprise platform offers intuitive, data-driven software to corporations, foundations, and government entities that leverage technology to accelerate impact and increase connectivity.

Verusen

Seed Round in 2020
Verusen is a supply chain intelligence company that leverages artificial intelligence to enhance visibility and digitization in complex global supply chains. Its platform integrates and harmonizes disparate material data across various ERP systems, facilitating accurate master data management to lower inventory costs and improve production reliability. By implementing intelligent controls, Verusen enforces inventory management procedures to mitigate the risk of inventory spikes, while its predictive capabilities optimize allocation and procurement processes. This approach provides businesses with a reliable data foundation, enabling them to adapt swiftly, innovate, and support initiatives related to Industry 4.0. Founded in 2015 and based in Atlanta, Georgia, Verusen primarily serves Fortune 500 manufacturers and their supply chains.

Fluree

Seed Round in 2019
Fluree, PBC develops a platform that offers blockchain-based data management solutions for businesses. It offers Fluree that provides a blockchain-based graph database and access to data and combines transactions into time-stamped blocks and locks each block via cryptography for data integrity. The company’s Fluree is a Web3 data platform that guarantees data integrity, facilitates secure data sharing, and powers connected data insights. It serves tech startups, government agencies, and Fortune 500 enterprises in various industries, such as MRO, supply chain, credentials, insurance, and other industries. The company was incorporated in 2016 and is based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Vyv

Debt Financing in 2019
Vyv, formerly known as Vital Vio, Inc., designs and manufactures advanced lighting systems branded as VioSafe, focusing on antibacterial solutions. The company produces a range of products, including under cabinet lights, replacement bulbs, and various LED fixtures specifically designed to combat germs and enhance infection control in diverse settings. Its products are utilized in commercial environments such as hospitals, veterinary clinics, laboratories, schools, and food preparation facilities, among others. Vyv aims to protect people and spaces from harmful microorganisms by integrating antimicrobial properties into its lighting solutions. Founded in 2012 and headquartered in Troy, New York, the company has established partnerships with notable organizations, including Duke University and UCLA Health, and serves various sectors, including healthcare, food processing, and commercial industries.

Ledgible

Seed Round in 2019
Ledgible, developed by Verady, LLC, is a platform designed for the accounting, verification, and auditing of cryptocurrency and blockchain assets. It serves financial institutions, corporations, and accounting firms, addressing the gaps in traditional accounting systems regarding these innovative assets. Founded in 2016 and based in Atlanta, Georgia, Verady aims to enhance the acceptance and growth of blockchain assets by providing a robust solution that integrates seamlessly with existing financial verification and reporting processes. The Ledgible platform facilitates the necessary oversight and assurance needed in the evolving landscape of cryptocurrency, bridging the divide between traditional finance and emerging digital assets.

Intrinio

Series A in 2019
Intrinio is a financial data company that offers platform consists of an application programming interface. Intrinio's mission is to help investors save money and make time so they can live more meaningful lives. We believe investors waste time on data collection, data entry, and data analysis because traditional financial data providers stifle innovation through high prices and restrictive technology. The Intrinio Fintech marketplace solves this problem by making financial data affordable and easy to access for developers, unleashing their creative potential to build the next generation of financial analytics products. Dozens of data feeds are currently available at disruptively low prices, providing data types such as FDIC bank data, real time IEX stock prices, fundamental US 10Q and 10K data, and insider transactions. Dozens of applications built with that data are also available, applications that free up investors to focus on what really matters- testing assumptions, conducting research, and generating insight. By uniting data providers, developers, and investors around a new model for financial innovation, the Intrinio Fintech marketplace promises to refocus the financial data industry on the developers and investors that make meaning out of data.

Pryon

Seed Round in 2018
Pryon Inc. is an artificial intelligence company headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, that specializes in augmented intelligence solutions for enterprises. Founded in 2017, Pryon has developed a platform that enhances the capabilities of employees by facilitating access to knowledge and streamlining workflows. The platform intelligently orchestrates information across various channels and sources, utilizing advanced AI techniques such as natural language processing and context awareness. This enables organizations to navigate unstructured data more effectively, improve decision-making, and reduce operational complexities and costs. Through its innovative approach, Pryon aims to support businesses in their digital transformation efforts by making knowledge more accessible and actionable.

AchieveIt

Convertible Note in 2018
AchieveIt Online, LLC develops strategic planning software. The company also provides strategy consulting services. It serves customers in industries, such as commercial, education, federal government, healthcare, local, government, and utilities. AchieveIt Online, LLC was formerly known as strategicplanningMD LLC and changed its name to AchieveIt Online, LLC in September 2011. The company was founded in 2010 and is based in Atlanta, Georgia.

Cypress.io

Seed Round in 2018
Cypress.io develops a front-end automated testing application for running unit and integration tests in a browser. The company offers The Cypress Test Runner, a test engine that combines existing testing tools with a graphical user interface to monitor and debug tests. The company's dashboard service is an optional web-based companion that records test runs in continuous integration to understand failures and share results with the team, allowing a more powerful way of writing and running tests. Cypress.io was founded on 2015 and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

Gauge

Convertible Note in 2018
Gauge Insights is a consumer insights platform that is revolutionizing the way brands conduct research studies. The company is on a mission to build the first fully distributed research platform, combining powerful survey technology with qualitative partnerships, a large network of panel providers and a best in class talent marketplace. This model has allowed us to turn around the world’s largest brand’s full-service research projects in a fraction of the time and typically at half the cost of traditional methods.

Skyryse

Series A in 2018
Skyryse, Inc. is an air mobility company founded in 2016 and based in El Segundo, California. The company specializes in developing helicopters and aircraft for various sectors, including emergency services, public transport, and regional services. Its flagship product, FlightOS, is a hardware and software operating system designed to enhance the safety and accessibility of general aviation. FlightOS provides a unified interface that allows pilots to operate both rotorcraft and fixed-wing aircraft with the same controls, significantly reducing pilot fatigue and simplifying flight operations. This system enables pilots to efficiently manage different aircraft configurations, whether flying from the cockpit or remotely, and facilitates safer flight experiences with streamlined training requirements.

FreightWaves

Seed Round in 2017
FreightWaves is a data and content forum that provides market participants with near-time analytics on the state of the freight market. The company offers current digital intelligence and context to the freight community on a central platform. The company's​ SaaS product, SONAR, is a freight market analytics tool and dashboard, aggregating billions of data points from hundreds of sources to provide the fastest data in the transportation and logistics sector. The platform is mode agnostic and has time-series and geo-based data from all modes of freight, including truck, rail, ocean, air, and warehouse. FreightWaves was founded to provide transparency and risk-management products to the freight markets. As a provider of aggregated data-sets across the North American freight markets, FreightWaves' SaaS platform helps companies take action based on the signals in the market.

Haste

Seed Round in 2017
Haste is an information technology company that offers a patent-pending purpose-built software running on customized network infrastructure, designed from the ground up to minimize latency, packet loss, and jitter. It enables its users to experience smooth and fast gameplay. The company was founded in

PreTel

Series A in 2017
PreTel is a Canadian company specializing in the development of fetal monitoring systems aimed at enhancing maternal and pediatric health outcomes, particularly in labor and delivery settings. The company offers advanced solutions such as uterine electromyography (uEMG) monitoring and area sensor technologies. These innovations address the challenges associated with accurately distinguishing between true and false labor, which can result in unnecessary invasive monitoring, increased cesarean sections, and costly neonatal intensive care. By focusing on improving the accuracy of fetal monitoring, PreTel seeks to optimize clinical practices and reduce associated healthcare costs.

Sequr

Seed Round in 2017
Sequr, Inc. develops cloud-based physical access control system that is designed to integrate existing hardware systems into a unified platform. The company offers Access Control Portal for cloud-hosted access management; Visitor Management for access control and integrated visitor management; Mobile Access, an office access products; and Access Control Hardware that supports controllers and readers. It also provides related support services. The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Atlanta, Georgia. As of January 8, 2020, Sequr, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Genea.

UserIQ

Series A in 2016
Headquartered in Atlanta, GA, UserIQ was founded in 2014 to help SaaS companies deliver what each of their users needs to be successful in every moment. As a result, you’ll scale onboarding, improve feature adoption, accelerate time-to-value, and ultimately drive more revenue throughout the customer journey. In 2017, G2 Crowd recognized UserIQ as the Customer Success solution with the Highest User Adoption and as a top product in Atlanta’s B2B tech industry.

Haste

Seed Round in 2016
Haste is an information technology company that offers a patent-pending purpose-built software running on customized network infrastructure, designed from the ground up to minimize latency, packet loss, and jitter. It enables its users to experience smooth and fast gameplay. The company was founded in

PreTel

Seed Round in 2016
PreTel is a Canadian company specializing in the development of fetal monitoring systems aimed at enhancing maternal and pediatric health outcomes, particularly in labor and delivery settings. The company offers advanced solutions such as uterine electromyography (uEMG) monitoring and area sensor technologies. These innovations address the challenges associated with accurately distinguishing between true and false labor, which can result in unnecessary invasive monitoring, increased cesarean sections, and costly neonatal intensive care. By focusing on improving the accuracy of fetal monitoring, PreTel seeks to optimize clinical practices and reduce associated healthcare costs.

Cypress.io

Seed Round in 2015
Cypress.io develops a front-end automated testing application for running unit and integration tests in a browser. The company offers The Cypress Test Runner, a test engine that combines existing testing tools with a graphical user interface to monitor and debug tests. The company's dashboard service is an optional web-based companion that records test runs in continuous integration to understand failures and share results with the team, allowing a more powerful way of writing and running tests. Cypress.io was founded on 2015 and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

Salesfusion

Series B in 2015
Salesfusion’s mission is to help marketers attract new opportunities, convert them into customers and nurture them into lifetime relationships. With Salesfusion, some of the best marketers today are not only driving quality leads into the sales funnel, they are automating the lead to revenue process. Salesfusion is more than marketing automation, it is the only lead to revenue platform you will ever need. Salesfusion integrates marketing automation software natively with more CRM vendors than any other marketing software package available today.

Pointivo

Seed Round in 2015
Pointivo Inc. is a technology company based in Atlanta, Georgia, specializing in spatial intelligence solutions that leverage computer vision and machine learning. Founded in June 2014, Pointivo's software allows users to capture dimensions and create three-dimensional models of structures using any type of camera, including mobile devices and drones. The platform processes video to reconstruct scenes, extracting lines, edges, and measurements with high accuracy. This capability helps clients simplify tasks that require precise measurements and detailed documentation of physical assets. By integrating advanced analytics, Pointivo empowers users to gain a deeper understanding of their environments, enhancing their ability to manage and analyze physical structures effectively.

PreTel

Seed Round in 2015
PreTel is a Canadian company specializing in the development of fetal monitoring systems aimed at enhancing maternal and pediatric health outcomes, particularly in labor and delivery settings. The company offers advanced solutions such as uterine electromyography (uEMG) monitoring and area sensor technologies. These innovations address the challenges associated with accurately distinguishing between true and false labor, which can result in unnecessary invasive monitoring, increased cesarean sections, and costly neonatal intensive care. By focusing on improving the accuracy of fetal monitoring, PreTel seeks to optimize clinical practices and reduce associated healthcare costs.

DigitalVision, LLC

Seed Round in 2014
DigitalVision, LLC, founded in 2004 and based in Atlanta, Georgia, specializes in developing a virtual refracting platform known as VisionOptimizer (DVO). This innovative technology is designed to diagnose vision disorders and facilitate the procurement of customized eyeglasses, aiming to enhance vision and comfort compared to traditional eyewear methods that rely on phoropter measurements, which can often be inaccurate. In addition to the VisionOptimizer platform, DigitalVision manufactures and distributes vision simulators, prescribers, spectacles, and contact lenses, positioning itself as a key player in the vision correction industry.

Pointivo

Seed Round in 2014
Pointivo Inc. is a technology company based in Atlanta, Georgia, specializing in spatial intelligence solutions that leverage computer vision and machine learning. Founded in June 2014, Pointivo's software allows users to capture dimensions and create three-dimensional models of structures using any type of camera, including mobile devices and drones. The platform processes video to reconstruct scenes, extracting lines, edges, and measurements with high accuracy. This capability helps clients simplify tasks that require precise measurements and detailed documentation of physical assets. By integrating advanced analytics, Pointivo empowers users to gain a deeper understanding of their environments, enhancing their ability to manage and analyze physical structures effectively.