Threshold Ventures Management Company, LLC, formerly known as Draper Fisher Associates, is a venture capital firm specializing in seed, start-up, early, emerging growth, late venture, bridge, growth stage, and PIPES investments in emerging markets. The firm primarily invests in consumer and enterprise information technology, commerce, cloud, enterprise, big data, bold new technologies, energy, alternative energy resources, materials, clean technology, financial technology, consumer media and advertising, web broadcasts and cybercasts, published electronic materials, consumer services and transactions, life sciences, mobile and wireless, new media, internet content, mobile data services, e-commerce, disruptive technologies, telecommunications, digital telecommunications services, nanotechnology, digital media, services, education, and healthcare industry software. Within information technology, it focuses on web-based applications and services, internet software, e-commerce software, semiconductors, software infrastructure including peer-to-peer infrastructure, wireless devices software, data communications and bandwidth enhancement, information services, enterprise and wireless applications, wireless application service providers, business to business commerce, services, and technologies. Within nanotechnology and life sciences, the firm invests in bio-nano and biomimetic innovations, MEMS, novel materials, molecular electronics, biotechnology, life sciences tools and services, medical devices and therapeutics, pharmaceuticals, medical testing, analyzing, diagnostic equipment, molecular diagnostics, bioinformatics, agbio, bio-energy, and various platforms and tools. Within clean energy technologies, it invests in energy generation, transmission, utilization and storage, water purification, grid optimization, industrial sensing and monitoring, and advanced materials and catalysts. The firm seeks to invest in the United States with a focus on East Coast, Mid Coast, West Coast, California, and Texas. It also invests in China, India, South Korea, Vietnam, Europe, and Greece. The firm invests upto $2 million in seed stage companies, between $1 million and $10 million in early stage, and more than 10 million in growth stage companies. It makes equity investments in the range between $1 million and $20 million with sales value above $10 million. It seeks to be the lead investor in its companies' first round of financing and hold board seat in its portfolio companies. Threshold Ventures Management Company, LLC was founded in 1985 and is based in Menlo Park, California with additional offices in San Francisco, California.