National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation is an independent federal agency in the United States that funds and supports research and education in science and engineering. It funds fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering and administers non-dilutive funding programs to aid early‑stage technology development, helping translate discoveries into commercially viable products and services. Through grants and fellowships, the NSF supports researchers, educators, and startups, contributing to innovation and U.S. competitiveness. The agency operates with a substantial budget to advance science, engineering, and STEM education nationwide.

James Donlon

Program Director

Sean L. Jones

Assistant Director for Mathematical and Physical Sciences

Debasis Majumdar

Program Director

Graciela Narcho

Staff Associate

Sethuraman Panchanathan

Director

Past deals in Defence

Orbital Services Corporation (OSCorp)

Grant in 2024
OSCorp is an in-space services company that safeguards the space domain and builds a thriving in-space economy. OSCorp develops cutting-edge technologies at the nexus of GN and C, AI/ML, LiDAR sensors, space robotics, and lasercom terminals. The company aims to revolutionize space operations by delivering strategic capabilities for the U.S. government and commercial space operators. It also aims to provide government operators with unparalleled situational awareness and enable them to execute tactically responsive space operations to protect strategic government and commercial space assets, and the services they provide, from denial, disruption, destruction, or degradation.

National Air and Space Museum

Grant in 2023
The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution has the world's biggest and most significant collection of aviation and space objects, including all aspects of human flight, as well as associated works of art and archive materials. It operates two iconic facilities that accommodate more than eight million visitors every year, making it the country's most visited museum. The Center for Earth and Planetary Studies is also housed there.

Paramium Technologies

Grant in 2023
Paramium Technologies designs and manufactures precise freeform curved metal panels for custom-shaped radio reflectors. Founded in 2019 and based in Tucson, Arizona, the company uses electromagnetic thermoforming, a method that combines localized induction heating and electromagnetic force to heat and press panels, enabling energy-efficient production. The panels support long-range radars and antennas for research applications, delivering lightweight, high-precision components suited for specialized communications and sensing systems.

Dynamac Microwave

Grant in 2022
Dynamac Microwave is a manufacturer of electronic components located in Addison, Illinois. The company specializes in providing a range of products and solutions including electronic countermeasures, reaction capability equipment, filters and networks, switches, semiconductor devices, and amplifiers. Their offerings cater to various applications in the electronics industry, emphasizing advanced technology and performance in electronic systems.

Mesodyne

Grant in 2022
Founded in 2018 by Drs. Veronika Stelmakh and Walker Chan, Mesodyne is a pioneering engineering and manufacturing company specializing in innovative electricity generation methods. Their patented LightCell technology converts any fuel to electricity via light, providing rugged, long-lasting, portable power for military and commercial users.

Distributed Spectrum

Grant in 2021
Distributed Spectrum is a defense technology company that develops software and sensors for signal processing, machine learning, and embedded systems to help understand critical radio signals across missions. Its spectrum monitoring system provides situational awareness and real-time, actionable alerts, with capabilities including passive signature detection, signal analysis, and anomaly identification. The system is designed to work with affordable, commodity hardware and incorporates patent-pending algorithms to interpret the radio environment and track transmissions across diverse settings for defense and security applications.

Coreless Technologies

Grant in 2021
Coreless Technologies specializes in the design and manufacture of hollow metal nanoparticles aimed at improving the performance of nano-enabled devices. The company utilizes a continuous flow process to produce these nanoparticles, allowing for precise control over their size, shape, and optical properties. This technology is particularly beneficial for military applications in potentially contaminated areas, providing essential support in environments with limited healthcare access. Additionally, Coreless Technologies' innovations extend to agricultural sectors, where they facilitate the detection of plant-based diseases, thereby enhancing overall farming efficiency and safety.

Apogee Semiconductor

Grant in 2021
Apogee Semiconductor specializes in developing radiation-hardened semiconductor components and integrated circuits. Its focus is on bridging the technology gap between commercial and space-grade electronics, making space exploration more accessible.

AMROK

Grant in 2021
Space Domain Awareness is a manufacturer of optical beacons focused on enhancing accountability, transparency, and predictability in space operations. The company provides advanced space object tracking solutions that allow customers to accurately identify and classify on-orbit space assets. Its products are designed to seamlessly integrate orbital information into existing space traffic management systems, catering to a diverse clientele that includes commercial, military, and civil satellite operators. By leveraging these technologies, Space Domain Awareness aims to improve the management and safety of space activities, addressing the growing complexities of space traffic.

Epirus

Grant in 2021
Epirus, Inc. is a technology company based in Hawthorne, California, specializing in the design and development of advanced defense systems that utilize artificial intelligence and directed energy. Founded in 2018, the company focuses on creating solid-state, software-defined high-power microwave solutions aimed at countering unmanned aircraft systems and other asymmetric threats. Its flagship product, ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE, serves as a counter-infrastructure solution that can simultaneously target multiple threats, effectively neutralizing drones and swarms. By integrating AI and machine learning with advanced electronics, Epirus enhances the detection and tracking of objects of interest, offering innovative capabilities in electronic warfare and power management for both defense and commercial sectors.

TLC Millimeter Wave Products

Grant in 2021
TLC specializes in designing, fabricating, and assembling custom circuit products for both commercial and government applications. Their offerings include front-end wired and wireless communication devices that enhance power, speed, and reliability in millimeter-wave and microwave products.

Zeteo Tech

Grant in 2021
Zeteo Tech LLC is a defense technology company that specializes in researching, developing, and commercializing innovative solutions for national security and biodefense applications. Founded in 2013 and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Zeteo Tech focuses on countering unconventional threats through advanced technologies in applied chemical and biological sciences, high-performance distributed sensor systems, and biological mass spectrometry. The company develops a range of products, including instruments for assessing toxins, air and water purification systems, and technologies for remote detection and decontamination. Zeteo Tech serves a diverse clientele, including government agencies and private companies in the United States, leveraging a wide network of affiliates to facilitate prototyping and deployment of its solutions. Its innovations aim to enhance the detection and response capabilities in operational environments, particularly in identifying bio-threats and infectious diseases.

Skyhaven Systems

Grant in 2021
Skyhaven Systems is a specialty research and development firm based in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, with primary research and development facilities located in Westford, Massachusetts. Founded in 2017 through the merger of Reactive Innovations, LLC, the company focuses on addressing critical needs in the Defense, Energy, Aerospace, and Environmental sectors for various U.S. government agencies, including the Department of Defense and NASA. Skyhaven applies advanced electrochemical engineering and reaction-based chemical processes to tackle complex technical challenges, conducting innovative work in areas such as reactor design, separation systems, and materials development. The firm operates a 4,200 square foot facility for research, development, and light manufacturing, and it pursues government-funded contracts to explore high-risk development areas. By retaining ownership of the technology rights generated from these projects, Skyhaven can commercialize its innovations for non-government applications while providing the government with a royalty-free license to use the technologies developed. This approach positions Skyhaven as a key player in creating sustainable solutions that enhance performance and reduce costs across various industries.

QDIR

Grant in 2021
QDIR is a nanomaterials company that specializes in the development of infrared detectors and imaging arrays tailored for industrial and defense applications. The company focuses on creating shortwave and mid-wave infrared detectors that offer enhanced imaging solutions across various sectors, including commercial, medical, industrial, and military markets. By leveraging proprietary nanomaterial technology, QDIR achieves high sensitivity and low noise in its products, which results in superior imaging performance compared to traditional infrared detectors. This innovative approach positions QDIR as a key player in providing advanced detection and imaging capabilities to its diverse customer base.

Ballydel Technologies

Grant in 2021
Ballydel Technologies is a research and development company founded in 2018 and headquartered in Newark, Delaware. It focuses on creating innovative material and technology solutions aimed at various sectors, including space exploration, defense, public health, and societal applications. The company specializes in areas such as nanocomposite design and synthesis, hypersonic materials and manufacturing, as well as pharmaceutical tagging and authentication. By providing advanced materials and technologies, Ballydel Technologies enables clients to enhance existing products and optimize their manufacturing processes.

Paramium Technologies

Grant in 2021
Paramium Technologies designs and manufactures precise freeform curved metal panels for custom-shaped radio reflectors. Founded in 2019 and based in Tucson, Arizona, the company uses electromagnetic thermoforming, a method that combines localized induction heating and electromagnetic force to heat and press panels, enabling energy-efficient production. The panels support long-range radars and antennas for research applications, delivering lightweight, high-precision components suited for specialized communications and sensing systems.

Sperry Bio

Corporate Round in 2021
Sperry Bio specializes in the development of innovative medical devices. Their flagship product is the Sperry Micro-Coring System, designed to address current objectives in regenerative skin medicine research programs within the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.

Nanomatronix

Grant in 2020
Nanomatronix operates an engineering platform that specializes in biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology. The company provides solutions tailored for the healthcare, energy, and defense sectors. Its offerings encompass the design, prototyping, packaging, screening, qualification, and production of application-specific integrated circuits, hybrid microcircuits, and fiber optic networking transceivers. These products are engineered for use in both terrestrial and harsh environments, facilitating the transition of innovative technologies in biomedical, chemical processing, microelectronics, nanomaterials, and photonics. Through its expertise, Nanomatronix aims to support advancements in critical industries.

Guardion

Grant in 2020
Guardion is a technology company specializing in advanced sensor technology, particularly in the development of radiation detectors that utilize the quantum properties of nanomaterials. This innovative approach allows Guardion to create low-cost, highly sensitive, and energy-efficient detectors suitable for large-scale deployment, especially in urban environments. The company focuses on applications that demand high sensitivity and miniaturization, providing analytical instruments and chemical detectors that serve various industries, including aerospace, healthcare, and national security. Guardion has received recognition for its contributions to the field, winning multiple awards such as the MassChallenge Gold Prize and the Technology in Space Prize from CASIS and Boeing. Additionally, the company participated in the inaugural cohort of the Techstars Autonomous Tech Accelerator, which is sponsored by the Air Force.

ZIN Technologies

Grant in 2020
Zin Technologies, Inc. is a Cleveland-based company specializing in the design, fabrication, assembly, and operation of integrated products and spaceflight hardware for clients, including NASA and major corporations. Founded in 1957, the company provides a wide range of products and services, including data acquisition, space systems engineering, and specialized power conversion solutions. Zin Technologies develops space flight hardware for applications such as mission planning, complex systems integration, and both flight and ground software development. The company also offers engineering, modeling, simulation, and testing services across various sectors, including aerospace, healthcare, electronics, and manufacturing. Additionally, Zin Technologies supports the entire life-cycle development of aerospace hardware and software, focusing on dynamic analysis and vibration isolation to meet the needs of its diverse clientele.

Lux Semiconductors

Grant in 2020
Lux Semiconductors develops crystalline thin-film semiconductors used in flexible integrated circuits and designs metal-core substrates intended to replace traditional organic and glass cores in advanced semiconductor packages. The company's patented platform improves heat dissipation, power delivery, electromagnetic shielding, structural stability, and signal integrity, enabling manufacturers across data-center processors, AI accelerators, aerospace and defense electronics, automotive systems, battery management, and medical devices to overcome performance bottlenecks.

Blue Cranium

Grant in 2020
Blue Cranium develops cutting-edge technology solutions for the commercial, medical, transportation, space, and defense industries. Comsat Architects has been established as a trade name by Blue Cranium LLC.

Off Planet Research

Grant in 2020
Founded in 2015, Off Planet Research operates a specialized facility in Lacey, Washington. The company creates extraterrestrial environments for testing space technology and conducting research & development, focusing on lunar and planetary missions.

Advent Diamond

Grant in 2020
Advent Diamond is a company focused on the development of next-generation semiconductor materials and components aimed at enhancing innovation in telecommunications, power, quantum computing, and advanced sensors. The company specializes in the design and fabrication of semiconducting diamond components, utilizing cleanroom processing, lithography, and surface modifications. Additionally, Advent Diamond is advancing the creation of new types of radiation detectors tailored for defense, commercial, and scientific applications. Through its innovative approach, Advent Diamond seeks to provide essential materials and components that meet the evolving demands of various high-tech industries.

Swift Coat

Grant in 2020
Swift Coat designs and manufactures nanoparticle-coating solutions in Arizona. Its versatile solution coats various surfaces, serving diverse markets including solar, military, consumers, industries, glazing, filtration, display, and sensors.

Orbit Fab

Grant in 2020
Founded in 2018, Orbit Fab develops orbital propellant depots to expand operational potential of satellites. Its key products include Rapidly Attachable Fluid Transfer Interface (RAFTI) for on-orbit refueling and docking, and Rigid Tanker International Space Station prototypes.

Lucida Research

Grant in 2020
Lucida Research provides research and development in optical gun sights. Their research and development conducted under this project will enhance scientific and technological understanding of optical beam steering and optical guidance techniques applicable to broad fields of science and engineering, such as astronomy, missile tracking, remote sensing, and self-driving cars.

Unknot.id

Grant in 2019
Unknot.id develops AI-driven location intelligence and contextual behavioral analytics that convert multi-modal sensor data into a secure, highly accurate view of human contexts and spatial environments. Its platform analyzes signals from mobile sensors and other data sources to deliver real-time situational awareness and precise 3D location data across diverse environments, with integration capabilities for existing systems and a focus on reducing costs and risks associated with legacy location technologies. This enables industries such as hospitality, property management, law enforcement, defense, health care, logistics, manufacturing, and smart infrastructure to improve operational efficiency, safety, and decision-making.

Mstatt

Grant in 2019
Mstatt develops photonic technologies for the healthcare, aerospace, manufacturing, and defense industries. The company was founded in 2018 and is headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio.

Ludlum Measurements

Grant in 2019
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. is a manufacturer of radiation detection instruments and technologies, established in 1962 by Don Ludlum. The company specializes in providing a diverse range of equipment designed to monitor the safety of personnel and the environment. Its products are utilized in various applications, including routine personnel and material monitoring, border security, and emergency response situations. In addition to manufacturing radiation detection instruments, Ludlum Measurements offers servicing for instruments produced by other companies and provides training courses in repair and calibration for customers. This comprehensive approach enables users to access affordable, reliable, and durable equipment while ensuring safety in critical environments.

Coreless Technologies

Grant in 2019
Coreless Technologies specializes in the design and manufacture of hollow metal nanoparticles aimed at improving the performance of nano-enabled devices. The company utilizes a continuous flow process to produce these nanoparticles, allowing for precise control over their size, shape, and optical properties. This technology is particularly beneficial for military applications in potentially contaminated areas, providing essential support in environments with limited healthcare access. Additionally, Coreless Technologies' innovations extend to agricultural sectors, where they facilitate the detection of plant-based diseases, thereby enhancing overall farming efficiency and safety.

Airgility

Grant in 2019
Airgility is a designer and manufacturer of unmanned aerial systems, specializing in drones that can operate in confined areas with limited or no global positioning system access. The company's product lineup includes the DS-1 Minotaur, a counter-drone system, and perimeter defense solutions. Airgility's drones are equipped with artificial intelligence, allowing them to provide real-time information that enhances decision-making during critical situations, such as disaster response or inspections. Customer inquiries are managed through various channels, including phone, email, and online applications.

PrintFoam

Grant in 2019
PrintFoam specializes in creating lighter and more cost-effective 3D printed parts using foamed materials. It serves clients in automotive, aerospace, defense, oil and gas, and construction sectors.

Armaments Research Company

Grant in 2019
Armaments Research Company specializes in providing advanced firearm accessories and analytical tools tailored for professional security forces globally. The company develops a self-aware system that integrates small, ruggedized artificial intelligence-powered sensors into firearm grips. These sensors monitor usage in real-time and deliver critical analytics and insights through intelligent mobile applications and cloud-based platforms. By leveraging embedded IoT technology, Armaments Research Company aims to enhance the safety and operational efficiency of national defense, law enforcement, and private security personnel, ultimately contributing to life-saving measures and improved public safety outcomes.

Phoenix Tailings

Grant in 2019
Phoenix Tailings specializes in recycling mining tailings, specifically Bauxite Residue ('Red Mud'), to extract strategic materials for industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biotechnology. Founded in 2019 with a mission to revolutionize the mining industry sustainably and economically.

Labsys

Grant in 2019
Labsys is a company based in East Lansing, Michigan, founded in 2011, that specializes in the development of microelectronics and microfabrication technology. The firm focuses on creating solutions for government, industry, and academic partners, primarily aimed at enhancing safety and efficiency in various applications. Labsys's technology is designed to control sensors for detecting toxic or explosive gases and to facilitate quality control processes. Additionally, the company offers non-destructive evaluation techniques for assessing the structural integrity of aircraft, as well as microfluidic integration for bio-analysis. Their innovations also include bio-mimetic self-adhesives, enabling the aircraft industry to implement advanced sensors and algorithms for identifying cracks and corrosion in airframes.

Gigajot Technology

Grant in 2019
Gigajot Technology Inc. specializes in the development of Quanta Image Sensors (QIS), which utilize single photon detection technology to enhance image capture capabilities for both consumer and professional applications. Founded in 2017 by Dr. Saleh Masoodian and Dr. Jiaju Ma, the company is headquartered in Pasadena, California. Gigajot Technology offers a range of image processing services that cater to various fields, including scientific imaging, medical imaging, space imaging, security and defense, low-light photography and videography, computational imaging, automotive sensing, 3D sensing, and encryption. The innovative QIS technology enables high-speed image capture, thereby providing advanced solutions that surpass the limitations of current imaging devices.

Steel City Optronics

Grant in 2019
Public safety is one of the largest concerns faced by governments and security agencies as public and private places become targets for attacks. The detection and mitigation of potential threats in real time are essential to security and public safety. Steel City Optronics has developed a new camera that detects concealed weapons and explosives from almost any distance, on subjects in motion — before they become dangerous to people and property. This fast and thorough security screening of moving objects is a crucial ability in today’s rapidly globalizing, fast-paced world. Metal detectors and security checkpoints are no longer sufficient to ensure public safety. Too often, dangerous threats are simply not detected by these traditional safety precautions, leaving people and property at risk. Since many recent threats have targeted public access areas ahead of the security checkpoints, a better security solution is clearly necessary. Explosives and weapons that people are carrying, while in motion, currently go largely undetected in real-world situations. Steel City Optronics addresses these, and other, issues with our state-of-the-art millimeter wave security camera. In addition to security monitoring for public safety, our cameras can see through common obscurants like smoke, fog, dust, and rain, making them ideal for situational awareness, object avoidance, and navigation.

Guardion

Grant in 2019
Guardion is a technology company specializing in advanced sensor technology, particularly in the development of radiation detectors that utilize the quantum properties of nanomaterials. This innovative approach allows Guardion to create low-cost, highly sensitive, and energy-efficient detectors suitable for large-scale deployment, especially in urban environments. The company focuses on applications that demand high sensitivity and miniaturization, providing analytical instruments and chemical detectors that serve various industries, including aerospace, healthcare, and national security. Guardion has received recognition for its contributions to the field, winning multiple awards such as the MassChallenge Gold Prize and the Technology in Space Prize from CASIS and Boeing. Additionally, the company participated in the inaugural cohort of the Techstars Autonomous Tech Accelerator, which is sponsored by the Air Force.

PC Krause and Associates

Grant in 2018
PC Krause and Associates (PCKA) was incorporated in the state of Indiana in 1983. After the successful completion of several small task-ordered contracts with government agencies and Midwest utilities, PCKA was starting to become recognized as an up-and-coming consulting company with highly-talented engineers. It is a high-tech company with a concentration of high-level expertise in the dynamics of electromechanical systems with particular emphasis on power-electronic-based systems of the types to be found in advanced aircraft, ships, and ground vehicles. The company has a well-established reputation for solving engineering challenges through the use of advanced modeling, simulation, analysis, and control techniques.

South 8 Technologies

Grant in 2018
South 8 Technologies, Inc. is a San Diego-based company that specializes in the development and manufacturing of lithium batteries and electrochemical capacitors utilizing an innovative liquefied gas electrolyte known as LiGas. Founded in 2015, South 8's LiGas technology addresses critical safety concerns associated with traditional lithium-ion batteries, effectively reducing fire risk and enabling operation across a wide temperature range of -60 to 60 °C. The LiGas electrolyte enhances energy density, supports fast charging, and is compatible with existing battery materials, making it a cost-effective solution for manufacturers. South 8's battery products, including the Arctic LiGas 18650 cell, cater to a diverse array of applications, including electric vehicles, energy storage, and sectors such as aerospace and defense. The company holds 23 patents in multiple jurisdictions, reflecting its commitment to innovation and advancing the capabilities of battery technology.

Micro-LAM Technologies

Grant in 2018
Micro-LAM Technologies is a specialty engineering company that designs and manufactures laser-assisted cutting tools and precision machining solutions for hard-to-machine materials. It offers the Micro-LAM Optimus T+1, a hybrid laser-diamond cutting tool system enabling ultra-precision machining of advanced ceramics, semiconductors, glass and metals. The company provides feasibility analysis, process development, system customization, and installation and ongoing support services to help customers optimize manufacturing setups, including laser wavelength and power, beam delivery, tool geometry, and mounting fixtures. Its services cover manufacturing setup evaluation, laser absorption testing, hardness reduction testing, and process parameter development, among others. Micro-LAM serves customers in optics, aerospace, defense and armor, semiconductor, and automotive sectors. Founded in 2012 and based in Michigan, the company focuses on enabling productivity and reliability in ultra-precision drilling and cutting of brittle and hard materials through its retrofittable laser-assisted technology.

Lux Semiconductors

Grant in 2018
Lux Semiconductors develops crystalline thin-film semiconductors used in flexible integrated circuits and designs metal-core substrates intended to replace traditional organic and glass cores in advanced semiconductor packages. The company's patented platform improves heat dissipation, power delivery, electromagnetic shielding, structural stability, and signal integrity, enabling manufacturers across data-center processors, AI accelerators, aerospace and defense electronics, automotive systems, battery management, and medical devices to overcome performance bottlenecks.

Armaments Research Company

Grant in 2018
Armaments Research Company specializes in providing advanced firearm accessories and analytical tools tailored for professional security forces globally. The company develops a self-aware system that integrates small, ruggedized artificial intelligence-powered sensors into firearm grips. These sensors monitor usage in real-time and deliver critical analytics and insights through intelligent mobile applications and cloud-based platforms. By leveraging embedded IoT technology, Armaments Research Company aims to enhance the safety and operational efficiency of national defense, law enforcement, and private security personnel, ultimately contributing to life-saving measures and improved public safety outcomes.

Swift Coat

Grant in 2018
Swift Coat designs and manufactures nanoparticle-coating solutions in Arizona. Its versatile solution coats various surfaces, serving diverse markets including solar, military, consumers, industries, glazing, filtration, display, and sensors.

Lunewave

Grant in 2018
Founded in 2017, Lunewave specializes in manufacturing Luneburg Lens-based Antenna and Automotive Radar Sensor Systems. Serving sectors such as telecommunications, aerospace/defense, automotive, and specialized research, the company's products are renowned for their robust design, high resolution, and long detection range.

Advent Diamond

Grant in 2018
Advent Diamond is a company focused on the development of next-generation semiconductor materials and components aimed at enhancing innovation in telecommunications, power, quantum computing, and advanced sensors. The company specializes in the design and fabrication of semiconducting diamond components, utilizing cleanroom processing, lithography, and surface modifications. Additionally, Advent Diamond is advancing the creation of new types of radiation detectors tailored for defense, commercial, and scientific applications. Through its innovative approach, Advent Diamond seeks to provide essential materials and components that meet the evolving demands of various high-tech industries.

Planck Aerosystems

Grant in 2018
Planck Aerosystems Inc. is an autonomous drone company based in San Diego, California, founded in 2014. The company specializes in developing innovative drone technology, particularly through its Shearwater software, which enhances surveillance and mapping capabilities for various applications, including emergency response and scientific research. Planck Aerosystems integrates artificial intelligence into its systems, enabling drones to operate autonomously from moving vehicles or vessels, both on land and at sea. This advanced vision-based navigation and control technology significantly expands the operational applications of drones across sectors such as security, defense, maritime, and logistics. Planck serves government agencies and industrial maritime operators, providing them with new capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness in their operations.

Mesodyne

Grant in 2018
Founded in 2018 by Drs. Veronika Stelmakh and Walker Chan, Mesodyne is a pioneering engineering and manufacturing company specializing in innovative electricity generation methods. Their patented LightCell technology converts any fuel to electricity via light, providing rugged, long-lasting, portable power for military and commercial users.

Gigajot Technology

Grant in 2017
Gigajot Technology Inc. specializes in the development of Quanta Image Sensors (QIS), which utilize single photon detection technology to enhance image capture capabilities for both consumer and professional applications. Founded in 2017 by Dr. Saleh Masoodian and Dr. Jiaju Ma, the company is headquartered in Pasadena, California. Gigajot Technology offers a range of image processing services that cater to various fields, including scientific imaging, medical imaging, space imaging, security and defense, low-light photography and videography, computational imaging, automotive sensing, 3D sensing, and encryption. The innovative QIS technology enables high-speed image capture, thereby providing advanced solutions that surpass the limitations of current imaging devices.

Guardion

Grant in 2017
Guardion is a technology company specializing in advanced sensor technology, particularly in the development of radiation detectors that utilize the quantum properties of nanomaterials. This innovative approach allows Guardion to create low-cost, highly sensitive, and energy-efficient detectors suitable for large-scale deployment, especially in urban environments. The company focuses on applications that demand high sensitivity and miniaturization, providing analytical instruments and chemical detectors that serve various industries, including aerospace, healthcare, and national security. Guardion has received recognition for its contributions to the field, winning multiple awards such as the MassChallenge Gold Prize and the Technology in Space Prize from CASIS and Boeing. Additionally, the company participated in the inaugural cohort of the Techstars Autonomous Tech Accelerator, which is sponsored by the Air Force.

South 8 Technologies

Grant in 2017
South 8 Technologies, Inc. is a San Diego-based company that specializes in the development and manufacturing of lithium batteries and electrochemical capacitors utilizing an innovative liquefied gas electrolyte known as LiGas. Founded in 2015, South 8's LiGas technology addresses critical safety concerns associated with traditional lithium-ion batteries, effectively reducing fire risk and enabling operation across a wide temperature range of -60 to 60 °C. The LiGas electrolyte enhances energy density, supports fast charging, and is compatible with existing battery materials, making it a cost-effective solution for manufacturers. South 8's battery products, including the Arctic LiGas 18650 cell, cater to a diverse array of applications, including electric vehicles, energy storage, and sectors such as aerospace and defense. The company holds 23 patents in multiple jurisdictions, reflecting its commitment to innovation and advancing the capabilities of battery technology.

Steel City Optronics

Grant in 2017
Public safety is one of the largest concerns faced by governments and security agencies as public and private places become targets for attacks. The detection and mitigation of potential threats in real time are essential to security and public safety. Steel City Optronics has developed a new camera that detects concealed weapons and explosives from almost any distance, on subjects in motion — before they become dangerous to people and property. This fast and thorough security screening of moving objects is a crucial ability in today’s rapidly globalizing, fast-paced world. Metal detectors and security checkpoints are no longer sufficient to ensure public safety. Too often, dangerous threats are simply not detected by these traditional safety precautions, leaving people and property at risk. Since many recent threats have targeted public access areas ahead of the security checkpoints, a better security solution is clearly necessary. Explosives and weapons that people are carrying, while in motion, currently go largely undetected in real-world situations. Steel City Optronics addresses these, and other, issues with our state-of-the-art millimeter wave security camera. In addition to security monitoring for public safety, our cameras can see through common obscurants like smoke, fog, dust, and rain, making them ideal for situational awareness, object avoidance, and navigation.

TangiTek

Grant in 2017
TangiTek develops carbon fiber composites for use in aerospace, electronics, defense, communications, and consumer products. The company was founded in 2011 and is based in Portland, Oregon.

Guardion

Grant in 2017
Guardion is a technology company specializing in advanced sensor technology, particularly in the development of radiation detectors that utilize the quantum properties of nanomaterials. This innovative approach allows Guardion to create low-cost, highly sensitive, and energy-efficient detectors suitable for large-scale deployment, especially in urban environments. The company focuses on applications that demand high sensitivity and miniaturization, providing analytical instruments and chemical detectors that serve various industries, including aerospace, healthcare, and national security. Guardion has received recognition for its contributions to the field, winning multiple awards such as the MassChallenge Gold Prize and the Technology in Space Prize from CASIS and Boeing. Additionally, the company participated in the inaugural cohort of the Techstars Autonomous Tech Accelerator, which is sponsored by the Air Force.

Planck Aerosystems

Grant in 2016
Planck Aerosystems Inc. is an autonomous drone company based in San Diego, California, founded in 2014. The company specializes in developing innovative drone technology, particularly through its Shearwater software, which enhances surveillance and mapping capabilities for various applications, including emergency response and scientific research. Planck Aerosystems integrates artificial intelligence into its systems, enabling drones to operate autonomously from moving vehicles or vessels, both on land and at sea. This advanced vision-based navigation and control technology significantly expands the operational applications of drones across sectors such as security, defense, maritime, and logistics. Planck serves government agencies and industrial maritime operators, providing them with new capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness in their operations.

Lunewave

Grant in 2016
Founded in 2017, Lunewave specializes in manufacturing Luneburg Lens-based Antenna and Automotive Radar Sensor Systems. Serving sectors such as telecommunications, aerospace/defense, automotive, and specialized research, the company's products are renowned for their robust design, high resolution, and long detection range.

Infinium Metals

Grant in 2016
Infinium Metals, based in Natick, Massachusetts, specializes in the development and commercialization of advanced metallurgical processes for producing lightweight and magnetic materials. The company manufactures essential metals including magnesium, titanium, tantalum, neodymium, dysprosium, and solar-grade silicon using innovative techniques such as solid oxide membrane electrolysis. This low-energy process not only enhances efficiency but also minimizes environmental impact. Infinium Metals provides magnesium for fuel-efficient vehicles and aircraft components, neodymium for magnets used in wind turbines and hybrid vehicles, and elements for high power-to-weight generators. Additionally, the company offers recycling solutions for magnesium and rare earth elements. Infinium serves various industries, including aerospace, automotive, consumer technology, defense, energy, and mass transit. Originally founded in 2008 as Metal Oxygen Separation Technologies, Inc., the company rebranded in 2013 to reflect its broader focus on clean metals.

Influit Energy

Grant in 2016
Influit Energy develops novel, nanotechnology-based functional liquids, or nanofluids, that enable solutions for energy challenges, including low-viscosity liquids that transport and store electric and thermal energy. Influit developed a rechargeable liquid energy storage format for basing and defense capability. Influit is also working with DARPA to develop a rechargeable liquid energy storage format to address basing and defense capability needs. Mobile flow battery pods that can be connected to and accumulate energy from distributed or centralized intermittent renewable energy sources enable the closed-cycle energy storage ecosystem. Influit Energy focuses on material science, electrochemistry, system integration, and product development.

PC Krause and Associates

Grant in 2016
PC Krause and Associates (PCKA) was incorporated in the state of Indiana in 1983. After the successful completion of several small task-ordered contracts with government agencies and Midwest utilities, PCKA was starting to become recognized as an up-and-coming consulting company with highly-talented engineers. It is a high-tech company with a concentration of high-level expertise in the dynamics of electromechanical systems with particular emphasis on power-electronic-based systems of the types to be found in advanced aircraft, ships, and ground vehicles. The company has a well-established reputation for solving engineering challenges through the use of advanced modeling, simulation, analysis, and control techniques.

BTI Targetry

Grant in 2016
BTI Targetry specializes in the development and deployment of high-performance targets for radionuclide production. The company was founded in 2002 and is headquartered in Cary, North Carolina.

Neofluidics

Grant in 2016
Neofluidics, established in 2014 and based in Carlsbad, California, specializes in developing and commercializing innovative microfluidics tools and technology. The company's flagship product, NeoPlate, is a well plate that significantly reduces testing costs by utilizing nanoliter sample volumes, catering to high throughput screening, point of care testing, and research and development applications. Additionally, Neofluidics offers NeoVisc, a smartphone-based microfluidic viscometer for real-time measurement of physical properties in various industries. The company serves clients in North America and internationally, with a portfolio of two proprietary patents and five product lines, including applications in the petroleum and military sectors. Since its launch in 2015, Neofluidics has fulfilled orders for numerous clients, demonstrating its commitment to enhancing workflow efficiency and reducing costs in the microfluidics industry.

Bascom Hunter Technologies

Grant in 2016
Bascom Hunter Technologies focuses on developing technology for 21st century challenges in networking, communication, and processing, while providing specialized technical services to the aerospace and defense sectors. The company offers technical consulting, engineering and design, installation, and technology development, along with thermal management, liquid cooling, air management and ventilation systems, rapid circuit board manufacturing, and radio frequency testing, to help clients meet performance specifications in demanding environments.

Endectra

Grant in 2016
Endectra, established in 2014 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, specializes in developing distributed sensor networks. These networks are designed to serve diverse sectors, including defense, medicine, and industry. The company's innovative technology includes biophotonic probes for non-invasive, real-time physiological measurements, plug-load power meters for enterprise energy management, spectrometers for manufacturing, and low-cost, ultralight vapor sensors for defense applications. Endectra's solutions enable clients to integrate novel sensor technologies, enhancing efficiency and performance in their respective fields.

R-DEX Systems

Grant in 2016
Founded in 2014, R-DEX Systems specializes in developing information products derived from airborne and satellite imagery for both defense and commercial applications. Headquartered in Marietta, Georgia, the company offers AI-powered robotics, sensor-integrated inspection systems, electromagnetic modeling tools, autonomous platforms, and real-time signal processing to enhance operational accuracy across various specialized sectors.

Detroit Materials

Grant in 2016
Detroit Materials is an advanced materials firm focused on the commercialization of ultrahigh performance structural materials. It has a portfolio of customizable high-strength low-alloy structural ferrous materials for demanding applications in the defense, off-highway, tooling, and transportation industries. Detroit Materials’ materials provide cost and performance advantages over current high alloy materials. Its combination of material chemistry and manufacturing process creates steel with an average 40% lower material cost and similar properties to exotic alloys such as boron, nickel, and cobalt steels. Detroit Materials is headquartered in Michigan, U.S.

Tarsier Optics

Grant in 2016
Tarsier Optics develops quantum camera technology and image processing methods to deliver high-resolution, long-range imagery with minimal noise and distortion. Its lightweight lenses are designed for military vehicles, aircraft, and drones, enabling clear long-distance images in challenging conditions such as heat-haze turbulence. By combining advanced hardware and software, the company provides imaging capabilities that improve target clarity for defense applications.

TPhotonics

Grant in 2016
Founded in Southern Arizona in 2012, TPhotonics specializes in developing laser solutions using its patented T-cavity technology. The company's vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers generate spectrally tunable light across ultraviolet to far infrared regions, enabling applications in medical, commercial, military, science, engineering, and education fields.

Tetramer Technologies

Grant in 2016
Tetramer is a material science company committed to developing market-driven materials and bringing them from the lab to the market or battlefield. It serves as a research partner as well as a supplier of proprietary custom materials due to its extensive analytical and manufacturing capabilities. They also offer analytical services to assist manufacturers in resolving material-related issues.

American Manufacturing

Grant in 2016
American Manufacturing specializes in the volume production of standard steel containers for chrysler, ford, general motors, and their suppliers. They build standard and custom steel containers that are used to move parts through the manufacturing and assembly processes. The company fabricates and assembles a broad range of products, including military vehicle brackets, after-market towing products, cargo carrying devices, stamped and fabricated production parts, and machined weldments.

Autonomic Materials

Grant in 2015
Autonomic Materials, Inc. is a manufacturer specializing in self-healing solutions for the coatings industry, primarily focusing on corrosion-resistant chemicals that repair coating damage at the micron level. Founded in 2005 and based in Champaign, Illinois, the company offers a range of microencapsulated additives, including dual capsule systems and single capsule systems, designed for various applications. These products provide essential protection for materials such as metals, wood, concrete, plastics, and composites, and are utilized across multiple sectors, including alternative energy, industrial maintenance, military equipment, infrastructure, oil and gas, transportation, and consumer paints. Autonomic Materials' innovative solutions enable coatings, adhesives, and composites to respond to damage automatically, enhancing the durability and performance of structures like cars, bridges, and ships.

Air Squared

Grant in 2015
Founded in 1991, Air Squared specializes in designing and manufacturing oil-free scroll compressors, vacuum pumps, and expanders. They serve original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) across various industries such as aerospace, energy, automotive, and medical.

BTI Targetry

Grant in 2015
BTI Targetry specializes in the development and deployment of high-performance targets for radionuclide production. The company was founded in 2002 and is headquartered in Cary, North Carolina.

Bascom Hunter Technologies

Grant in 2015
Bascom Hunter Technologies focuses on developing technology for 21st century challenges in networking, communication, and processing, while providing specialized technical services to the aerospace and defense sectors. The company offers technical consulting, engineering and design, installation, and technology development, along with thermal management, liquid cooling, air management and ventilation systems, rapid circuit board manufacturing, and radio frequency testing, to help clients meet performance specifications in demanding environments.

Akron Ascent Innovations

Grant in 2015
Akron Ascent Innovations is a company focused on developing cutting-edge fiber-based dry adhesive products that provide lasting adhesion for various applications. Their innovative dry adhesive utilizes solid, sub-micron diameter fibers, allowing it to engage with microscopic surface contours for enhanced performance. This technology enables secure bonding for a wide array of items, including sheets, films, pictures, cards, packages, and even capacity hooks. Akron Ascent Innovations aims to address everyday challenges faced by consumers and industries alike, offering solutions that can be laminated onto different face stocks and utilized in diverse environments. Through their advancements in adhesive technology, the company strives to create materials that significantly improve functionality and user experience.

Apogee Semiconductor

Grant in 2015
Apogee Semiconductor specializes in developing radiation-hardened semiconductor components and integrated circuits. Its focus is on bridging the technology gap between commercial and space-grade electronics, making space exploration more accessible.

Endectra

Grant in 2014
Endectra, established in 2014 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, specializes in developing distributed sensor networks. These networks are designed to serve diverse sectors, including defense, medicine, and industry. The company's innovative technology includes biophotonic probes for non-invasive, real-time physiological measurements, plug-load power meters for enterprise energy management, spectrometers for manufacturing, and low-cost, ultralight vapor sensors for defense applications. Endectra's solutions enable clients to integrate novel sensor technologies, enhancing efficiency and performance in their respective fields.

Tetramer Technologies

Grant in 2014
Tetramer is a material science company committed to developing market-driven materials and bringing them from the lab to the market or battlefield. It serves as a research partner as well as a supplier of proprietary custom materials due to its extensive analytical and manufacturing capabilities. They also offer analytical services to assist manufacturers in resolving material-related issues.

InView Technology Corporation

Grant in 2014
InView Technology Corporation develops and manufactures imaging systems that combine compressive sensing with hyperspectral imaging. Its product line includes SWIR cameras, hyperspectral imagers, and CompressView software to manage setup, capture, post-processing, and reconstruction, as well as a controllable spatial light modulator system. The company's technology supports applications in microscopy and life sciences, military and surveillance, maritime navigation, industrial process control, energy audits, and material research, with capabilities to deliver spectral information for each pixel in a scene. Founded in 2009 and based in Austin, Texas, InView focuses on making SWIR imaging more affordable for commercial and laboratory use, enabling security, inspection, and research applications.

Silverside Detectors

Grant in 2014
Silverside Detectors is a technology company that develops nuclear radiation detection technologies to protect cities and citizens from nuclear terrorism. It designs and develops adaptable radiation detectors. These detectors can be installed in urban and transit infrastructure for nuclear detection. The company develops inexpensive thermal neutron detectors that can be a building block for large-area networked scanning and other future solutions for nuclear threat reduction.

EGW Technologies

Grant in 2014
EGW Technologies offers technology development and product design in industries including medical devices, laboratory equipment, avionics, defense, robotics, consumer electronics, sports equipment, transportation, industrial controls, and lighting.

AIMdyn

Grant in 2014
AIMdyn is to enable development of powerful forecasting technologies for broad use in industry. Amongst its customers and collaborators are large corporations such as BAE, United Technologies, Boeing and Ford as well as preeminent national research agencies such as DARPA and NIH.

Detroit Materials

Grant in 2014
Detroit Materials is an advanced materials firm focused on the commercialization of ultrahigh performance structural materials. It has a portfolio of customizable high-strength low-alloy structural ferrous materials for demanding applications in the defense, off-highway, tooling, and transportation industries. Detroit Materials’ materials provide cost and performance advantages over current high alloy materials. Its combination of material chemistry and manufacturing process creates steel with an average 40% lower material cost and similar properties to exotic alloys such as boron, nickel, and cobalt steels. Detroit Materials is headquartered in Michigan, U.S.

REL

Grant in 2014
REL, INC is a technology company with focus areas in material process development. REL develops advanced materials for high performance products, including lightweight brakes, insulation for NASA, armor and conformable natural gas tanks. Critical to the successful scale-up of material technology is the scale-up of process technology. REL develops it all in-house, the material and the process. This process equipment expertise leads to custom engineered equipment for casting, automation, test equipment and non-destructive testing.

Empire Robotics

Grant in 2014
Empire Robotics, Inc., founded in 2012 and based in Boston, Massachusetts, specializes in innovative robotic end-effectors that utilize the jamming phase transition of granular materials. The company focuses on developing flexible robotics technology, catering to various sectors such as agile manufacturing automation, collaborative robotics, prosthetics, and mobile military robotics. With a team of experts in soft robotics, materials science, and automation engineering, Empire Robotics creates solutions that facilitate secure grasping and manipulation of diverse objects using simple and cost-effective tools. Their advancements aim to enhance efficiency and versatility across a wide range of applications in the robotics industry.

Vaporsens

Grant in 2014
Vaporsens is a manufacturer of advanced chemical sensors designed to assist law enforcement, military, and public safety officials in detecting explosives and narcotics. The company is developing a detector that employs a patent-pending sensor, which boasts superior sensitivity and selectivity compared to existing market options. Vaporsens holds seven pending patents for its innovative technology, which aims to enhance detection capabilities across various applications, including handheld, ambient, and checkpoint use.

TRX Systems

Grant in 2014
TRX Systems is a developer of indoor location solutions that provide precise, infrastructure‑free tracking in environments where GPS is unavailable. Its flagship NEON platform includes a wearable sensor unit, software for real‑time mapping, and APIs that fuse data from Wi‑Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and time‑of‑flight ranging to deliver accurate positioning for personnel and assets. The NEON Personnel Tracker is used by industrial, security, public‑safety, and defense customers, while the NEON Signal Mapper offers 3‑D location for indoor test and measurement. Sensors are embedded in mobile phones, radios, and industrial devices, enabling seamless integration across commercial and mission‑critical applications. Founded in 2001, the company is headquartered in Greenbelt, Maryland, and sells its products through online channels.

Air Squared

Grant in 2013
Founded in 1991, Air Squared specializes in designing and manufacturing oil-free scroll compressors, vacuum pumps, and expanders. They serve original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) across various industries such as aerospace, energy, automotive, and medical.

MAVRIC

Grant in 2013
MAVRIC is a cross-campus multidisciplinary collaboration to study Autonomous Vehicles at the University of Michigan. MAVRIC represents a truly multidisciplinary approach to studying Autonomous Vehicles. Members of MAVRIC are from the School of Information, Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and the University of Michigan's Transportation Research Institute. MAVRIC's research has been sponsored by the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), Toyota Research Institute (TRI), MCity/Mobility Transformation Center.

Apogee Semiconductor

Grant in 2013
Apogee Semiconductor specializes in developing radiation-hardened semiconductor components and integrated circuits. Its focus is on bridging the technology gap between commercial and space-grade electronics, making space exploration more accessible.

TPhotonics

Grant in 2013
Founded in Southern Arizona in 2012, TPhotonics specializes in developing laser solutions using its patented T-cavity technology. The company's vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers generate spectrally tunable light across ultraviolet to far infrared regions, enabling applications in medical, commercial, military, science, engineering, and education fields.

Charles River Analytics

Grant in 2013
Charles River Analytics, Inc. is a company specializing in the development of intelligent systems for government, defense, intelligence, and commercial sectors. Established in 1983 and based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the company focuses on delivering advanced solutions that transform data into actionable insights for critical assessment and decision-making. Its offerings include cognitive systems, sensor processing, networking, and decision management tools, as well as autonomous robotic platforms and multi-agent systems designed for information management and command applications. Notable products include BNet, a tool for embedding networks in software; VisionKit, a computer vision system for automating visual tasks; and Verideo, a software tool for video annotation. The company's technological foundations incorporate various algorithmic techniques such as data mining, expert systems, and neural networks. Additionally, Charles River Analytics provides outsourced software engineering services, including the development of computer vision software and intelligent agents, primarily serving the U.S. federal government and the Department of Defense.

REL

Grant in 2013
REL, INC is a technology company with focus areas in material process development. REL develops advanced materials for high performance products, including lightweight brakes, insulation for NASA, armor and conformable natural gas tanks. Critical to the successful scale-up of material technology is the scale-up of process technology. REL develops it all in-house, the material and the process. This process equipment expertise leads to custom engineered equipment for casting, automation, test equipment and non-destructive testing.

Tetramer Technologies

Grant in 2013
Tetramer is a material science company committed to developing market-driven materials and bringing them from the lab to the market or battlefield. It serves as a research partner as well as a supplier of proprietary custom materials due to its extensive analytical and manufacturing capabilities. They also offer analytical services to assist manufacturers in resolving material-related issues.

S2 Corporation

Grant in 2013
S2 Corporation specializes in advancing wideband sensors that enhance radio frequency and data signal processing capabilities in dynamic environments. Their core system, the Extreme Bandwidth Analyzer and Correlator (EBAC), supports various applications such as electronic warfare, analog signal processing, and continuous RF spectral monitoring. The system currently processes frequencies between 0.5 - 20 GHz but can be extended up to 110 GHz.

IntraMicron

Grant in 2013
Founded in 2001, IntraMicron specializes in the development and manufacturing of micron-diameter metal fibers and microfibrous media. These products enhance catalytic, sorptive, and filtration processes across various industries such as clean air, energy, defense, chemicals, and aerospace.

Micro-LAM Technologies

Grant in 2013
Micro-LAM Technologies is a specialty engineering company that designs and manufactures laser-assisted cutting tools and precision machining solutions for hard-to-machine materials. It offers the Micro-LAM Optimus T+1, a hybrid laser-diamond cutting tool system enabling ultra-precision machining of advanced ceramics, semiconductors, glass and metals. The company provides feasibility analysis, process development, system customization, and installation and ongoing support services to help customers optimize manufacturing setups, including laser wavelength and power, beam delivery, tool geometry, and mounting fixtures. Its services cover manufacturing setup evaluation, laser absorption testing, hardness reduction testing, and process parameter development, among others. Micro-LAM serves customers in optics, aerospace, defense and armor, semiconductor, and automotive sectors. Founded in 2012 and based in Michigan, the company focuses on enabling productivity and reliability in ultra-precision drilling and cutting of brittle and hard materials through its retrofittable laser-assisted technology.

Photon System

Grant in 2013
Photon Systems offers products such as lab and portable spectrometer systems, hand held sensors, deep UV sources, personal exposure monitors, chemical printers and mappers, plug and play gated boxcar integrators, and more. It has applications in sectors such as residual pharmaceutical ingredients, photoluminescence analysis of wide bandgap semiconductors, and stand-off detection of trace explosive, chemical, and biological contaminants, among others. They used DUV fluorescence, DUV raman, resonance raman, and other technologies.

Echo Ridge

Grant in 2013
Echo Ridge, founded in 2006 in Sterling, Virginia, specializes in developing and selling systems for resilient Positioning/Navigation/Timing (PNT) and Electronic Warfare (EW), alongside high-fidelity laboratory modeling, simulation, and testing of complex radio frequency (RF) devices and systems. The company offers a range of services tailored for various sectors, including aviation, biosurveillance, cyber intelligence, disaster management, and federal infrastructure. With a focus on both commercial and government markets, Echo Ridge provides comprehensive research, product development, and intellectual property development services, utilizing advanced signal processing algorithms, software design, and hardware production. This enables customers to implement effective wireless applications across multiple domains, including communications systems and sophisticated modeling and simulation environments.

Numerica Corporation

Grant in 2013
Numerica Corporation specializes in tracking and data fusion services within the space, air, and missile defense sectors. The company focuses on distributed tracking and multi-sensor fusion technologies to address various threats and sensor modalities associated with moving platforms. Additionally, Numerica is involved in Space Domain Awareness, which includes the detection, tracking, identification, and characterization of elements in the space domain that could influence space operations and impact national and allied security, safety, economy, or environment. Through its innovative solutions, Numerica aims to enhance situational awareness and operational effectiveness for its clients.
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