Ananda Impact Ventures

Ocean Ledger is a geospatial analytics company specializing in coastal ecosystem management. It leverages earth observation, field data, and artificial intelligence to quantify the value of coastal ecosystems, enabling clients to make informed decisions about mitigation and adaptation projects. The company offers services such as project scoping, baseline analysis, historical and continuous monitoring, and reporting, supporting both public and private sectors in achieving their sustainability goals.

Elio is an eco-designed artificial intelligence partner that supports scientists in identifying drug targets with a higher success rate and is also built to accelerate sustainable manufacturing. They build a software tool that acts as a partner for the scientist, engineer, or product designer tasked with designing a manufacturing process to improve its sustainability impact.

NatureMetrics is a company that specializes in biodiversity monitoring through the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) technology. By leveraging advanced molecular methods, the company identifies and quantifies a wide variety of organisms in natural ecosystems. NatureMetrics provides actionable insights that support informed decision-making for environmental conservation and impact assessments. Its platform enables environmentalists to monitor biodiversity effectively over extensive spatial and temporal scales, addressing the complexities of nature in a way that enhances understanding and management of ecosystems.

Differential Bio specializes in optimizing bioprocesses for microbial growth and production. It integrates lab-scale experiments with AI-based modeling to enhance clients' R&D efficiency and improve bioproduction outcomes, such as increased yield, reduced costs, and superior product quality. The company's virtual scale-up platform simulates and optimizes bioprocesses, enabling businesses to efficiently determine the best growth conditions for their microbial systems.

Klim enables farmers to transition to regenerative agriculture at scale by providing them financial support, knowledge, documentation tools, and a community via our digital companion for farmers. Klim-verified carbon removal credits, generated by Klim farmers, help companies to transition to net zero by offsetting their carbon emissions locally and with maximum impact and transparency.

Founded in 2018, OroraTech is a global intelligence-as-a-service company based in Munich, Germany. It specializes in thermal data analysis for sustainable Earth monitoring, with operations in Canada and Brazil. The company's core product, Wildfire Solution, uses proprietary space-based sensors to detect fires of any scale day or night, providing real-time situational awareness and prompt risk alerts. OroraTech's team of over 100 experts is committed to delivering innovative solutions for a sustainable future.

Ovom Care is a healthcare company specializing in reproductive care. It offers personalized fertility services including assessment, preservation, treatments, donor services, egg freezing, and IVF, empowering patients to make informed decisions about their fertility.

Quantistry is a developer of advanced chemical simulations that leverages quantum chemistry and machine learning to create a sophisticated computational chemistry platform. The company offers a cloud-based solution that provides customers with a significant competitive advantage by simplifying and accelerating the development of products in the chemical, materials science, and pharmaceutical sectors. By combining innovative simulations with an intuitive user interface and stringent security measures, Quantistry enhances the efficiency of product development processes for its clients.

Resistomap is a company that specializes in monitoring antibiotic resistance through data-driven laboratory services. It focuses on mitigating the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment by offering robust monitoring tools. The company integrates expertise in molecular genetics and data science with high-throughput real-time polymerase chain reaction technology. This combination allows Resistomap to deliver comprehensive laboratory and analysis services that facilitate environmental monitoring of antibiotic resistance, aiding customers in understanding and addressing this critical public health issue.

Resourcify GmbH, established in 2015 and headquartered in Hamburg, Germany, specializes in developing and operating a neutral cloud platform for waste management. This platform enables businesses to efficiently manage their waste and recycling operations online, reducing administrative tasks by up to 40% compared to conventional methods. Key features include container pick-up scheduling, real-time collection tracking, documentation management, and legally compliant reporting. Trusted by global corporations such as Cargill and McDonald's, Resourcify aims to facilitate a zero-waste future through digital transformation of recycling processes.

Airmo is a space technology company focused on measuring greenhouse gas emissions, specifically carbon dioxide and methane. It provides independent data through a constellation of small satellites equipped with advanced light detection and ranging instruments. This innovative technology enables clients to access near real-time data, allowing them to monitor emissions from individual facilities globally. Airmo's solutions aim to enhance transparency and accountability in tracking greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to efforts in environmental sustainability.

Oneday aims to empower the next generation of entrepreneurs by delivering technology that automates large parts of the business launch process and integrates with universities to enable members to earn university credits as they build their ventures. Given that startup costs and complexity deter many would-be founders and that about 85% of new businesses fail, the company combines automation with academic partnerships to streamline launch activities and support sustained entrepreneurship.

Founded in London in 2012, DrDoctor specializes in cloud-based patient management tools. Its platform enables patients to access bookings, care plans, test results, and hospital information, facilitating online appointment management via mobile or text. This empowers hospitals to enhance communication methods and puts patients at the forefront of their healthcare.

Founded in 2017, EcoG designs and develops Internet of Things (IoT) operating systems for electric vehicle chargers. Its platform offers charging control, backend connectivity, payment solutions, UI components, tools for development and simulation, and an open API architecture that enables app-based services. With offices in Germany, Norway, and the US, EcoG facilitates value-added services by connecting users, vehicles, and infrastructure with local businesses.

Founded in 2018, OroraTech is a global intelligence-as-a-service company based in Munich, Germany. It specializes in thermal data analysis for sustainable Earth monitoring, with operations in Canada and Brazil. The company's core product, Wildfire Solution, uses proprietary space-based sensors to detect fires of any scale day or night, providing real-time situational awareness and prompt risk alerts. OroraTech's team of over 100 experts is committed to delivering innovative solutions for a sustainable future.

Klim enables farmers to transition to regenerative agriculture at scale by providing them financial support, knowledge, documentation tools, and a community via our digital companion for farmers. Klim-verified carbon removal credits, generated by Klim farmers, help companies to transition to net zero by offsetting their carbon emissions locally and with maximum impact and transparency.

Voiio is a comprehensive employee benefit platform focused on enhancing physical, mental, and emotional well-being. It offers digital, local, and diversified services in categories such as family support, health care, and crisis management, tailored to individual needs through proprietary match-making algorithms.

Nature Metrics Ltd is a biotechnology company specializing in DNA-based monitoring for biodiversity assessment and ecological research. Founded in 2014 and headquartered in Egham, United Kingdom, the company utilizes advanced genetic techniques to detect species through environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis. This includes services for identifying crested newts, testing for chytrid fungus, and conducting surveys on various aquatic species such as fish and amphibians. Nature Metrics employs methods like Metabarcoding, which sequences a specific region of DNA to identify species by comparing it to established reference databases, and metagenomics, which provides insights into species abundance and biomass within individual samples. By isolating unique genetic signatures shed into the environment, the company offers innovative solutions for monitoring ecosystems and assessing their health.

NatureMetrics is a company that specializes in biodiversity monitoring through the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) technology. By leveraging advanced molecular methods, the company identifies and quantifies a wide variety of organisms in natural ecosystems. NatureMetrics provides actionable insights that support informed decision-making for environmental conservation and impact assessments. Its platform enables environmentalists to monitor biodiversity effectively over extensive spatial and temporal scales, addressing the complexities of nature in a way that enhances understanding and management of ecosystems.

Mika is a digital platform that empowers cancer patients. It aims to help improve cancer patients' mental health and well-being. Mika was created in collaboration with leading research institutions. The company was established in 2017 and is headquartered in Berlin, Germany.

Resourcify GmbH, established in 2015 and headquartered in Hamburg, Germany, specializes in developing and operating a neutral cloud platform for waste management. This platform enables businesses to efficiently manage their waste and recycling operations online, reducing administrative tasks by up to 40% compared to conventional methods. Key features include container pick-up scheduling, real-time collection tracking, documentation management, and legally compliant reporting. Trusted by global corporations such as Cargill and McDonald's, Resourcify aims to facilitate a zero-waste future through digital transformation of recycling processes.

auticon GmbH is a consulting firm based in Berlin, Germany, with additional offices in Munich and Düsseldorf. Founded in 2011, the company specializes in information technology services, particularly in software testing and quality assurance. auticon employs autistic individuals exclusively as software testers, leveraging their unique skills to provide high-quality workmanship in various areas, including static code analysis, functional testing, usability testing, and data analysis. The company's services cater to a diverse clientele, including software producers, IT firms, consulting companies, and public institutions. By focusing on the strengths of its workforce, auticon not only delivers exceptional testing services but also promotes inclusivity within the tech industry.

Ieso Digital Health provides online, evidence-based mental health therapy via a digital platform, enabling one-to-one cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by accredited therapists in a virtual, convenient setting. The service covers common mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD, sleep problems, and related issues, and also supports patients with chronic physical health problems, medically unexplained symptoms, and other cognitive concerns. The company uses proprietary technology, including natural language processing and artificial intelligence, to monitor therapist protocol adherence and risk in real time, enabling text-based therapy sessions. It serves health providers including the NHS, private individuals, and employers, expanding access to clinically validated care outside traditional in-person settings.

Ieso Digital Health provides online, evidence-based mental health therapy via a digital platform, enabling one-to-one cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by accredited therapists in a virtual, convenient setting. The service covers common mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD, sleep problems, and related issues, and also supports patients with chronic physical health problems, medically unexplained symptoms, and other cognitive concerns. The company uses proprietary technology, including natural language processing and artificial intelligence, to monitor therapist protocol adherence and risk in real time, enabling text-based therapy sessions. It serves health providers including the NHS, private individuals, and employers, expanding access to clinically validated care outside traditional in-person settings.

Closed Loop Medicine designs and develops healthcare technology software that optimizes drug dosing on an individual level through integrated digital therapies. The company focuses on improving patient outcomes for chronic diseases, with products in development for hypertension and insomnia.

Caspar Health is a company focused on enhancing rehabilitation accessibility through its digital platform, which allows patients to receive care remotely after an illness or accident. The platform offers a variety of preconfigured therapy plans tailored to specific medical conditions, including movement exercises, seminars, and relaxation modules. This enables healthcare professionals to deliver effective and sustainable treatment regardless of the patient's location or time constraints. Recognized as a provider of tele-rehabilitation aftercare by the German Pension Fund, Caspar Health sets new standards in digital rehabilitation, promoting independence and recovery for individuals seeking to regain their quality of life.

Founded in 2018, OroraTech is a global intelligence-as-a-service company based in Munich, Germany. It specializes in thermal data analysis for sustainable Earth monitoring, with operations in Canada and Brazil. The company's core product, Wildfire Solution, uses proprietary space-based sensors to detect fires of any scale day or night, providing real-time situational awareness and prompt risk alerts. OroraTech's team of over 100 experts is committed to delivering innovative solutions for a sustainable future.

Klim enables farmers to transition to regenerative agriculture at scale by providing them financial support, knowledge, documentation tools, and a community via our digital companion for farmers. Klim-verified carbon removal credits, generated by Klim farmers, help companies to transition to net zero by offsetting their carbon emissions locally and with maximum impact and transparency.

Mika is a digital platform that empowers cancer patients. It aims to help improve cancer patients' mental health and well-being. Mika was created in collaboration with leading research institutions. The company was established in 2017 and is headquartered in Berlin, Germany.

Mika is a digital platform that empowers cancer patients. It aims to help improve cancer patients' mental health and well-being. Mika was created in collaboration with leading research institutions. The company was established in 2017 and is headquartered in Berlin, Germany.

Founded in London in 2012, DrDoctor specializes in cloud-based patient management tools. Its platform enables patients to access bookings, care plans, test results, and hospital information, facilitating online appointment management via mobile or text. This empowers hospitals to enhance communication methods and puts patients at the forefront of their healthcare.

Founded in 2017, EcoG designs and develops Internet of Things (IoT) operating systems for electric vehicle chargers. Its platform offers charging control, backend connectivity, payment solutions, UI components, tools for development and simulation, and an open API architecture that enables app-based services. With offices in Germany, Norway, and the US, EcoG facilitates value-added services by connecting users, vehicles, and infrastructure with local businesses.

Media4Care specializes in developing multimedia therapy and entertainment solutions tailored for individuals with cognitive impairments, primarily focusing on senior care. Established in 2013, the company collaborated with medical professionals to create 'Media dementia', an interactive online library offering films, music, and games designed to support care staff in engaging and stimulating people with dementia. Their digital assistance system, optimized for elder care, includes tablets with large buttons and a stable cover, aiming to improve seniors' quality of life and alleviate pressure on caretakers.

Doctor24 is a healthcare provider that offers a comprehensive range of medical services, including outpatient and inpatient care, aimed at both individual and corporate clients. The company specializes in various fields such as allergology, internal medicine, dermatology, dietetics, otolaryngology, cardiology, gynecology, orthopedics, rheumatology, ophthalmology, and urology. Additionally, Doctor24 provides essential services like blood sampling without queuing, imaging diagnostics including X-rays, ultrasounds, and mammography, and complex health screenings. By focusing on prevention, diagnostics, treatment, and rehabilitation, Doctor24 strives to create a friendly environment that promotes personalized care and effective health improvements for its patients of all ages.

Caspar Health is a company focused on enhancing rehabilitation accessibility through its digital platform, which allows patients to receive care remotely after an illness or accident. The platform offers a variety of preconfigured therapy plans tailored to specific medical conditions, including movement exercises, seminars, and relaxation modules. This enables healthcare professionals to deliver effective and sustainable treatment regardless of the patient's location or time constraints. Recognized as a provider of tele-rehabilitation aftercare by the German Pension Fund, Caspar Health sets new standards in digital rehabilitation, promoting independence and recovery for individuals seeking to regain their quality of life.

Mika is a digital platform that empowers cancer patients. It aims to help improve cancer patients' mental health and well-being. Mika was created in collaboration with leading research institutions. The company was established in 2017 and is headquartered in Berlin, Germany.

Voiio is a comprehensive employee benefit platform focused on enhancing physical, mental, and emotional well-being. It offers digital, local, and diversified services in categories such as family support, health care, and crisis management, tailored to individual needs through proprietary match-making algorithms.

Open Bionics develops advanced bionic limbs for individuals with upper limb differences. It specializes in the Hero Arm, a lightweight, ventilated multi-grip bionic arm featuring adjustable sockets and aesthetic covers. The company offers custom-fitted designs using 3D printing technology, aiming to make cutting-edge bionic solutions more accessible.

Arbor Education is a company focused on transforming educational environments by enhancing operational efficiency and improving student outcomes. It offers a Management Information System designed to automate school workflows, thereby saving teachers valuable time. Additionally, Arbor provides benchmarking analytics that help identify areas of concern within educational institutions, facilitating quicker interventions when needed. Through its innovative solutions, Arbor Education aims to streamline administrative processes and support educators in their mission to foster student success.

Hometouch is a UK-based company that operates an online marketplace for home care services, primarily focused on supporting individuals with dementia and other neurodegenerative conditions. Founded in 2015 by Dr. Jamie Wilson, a former NHS dementia specialist, the platform connects families seeking care with professional carers in their vicinity. Users can search for and select carers based on their video profiles, customer reviews, and specific skills and experiences. Hometouch offers two main services: hometouch Connect, which allows users to choose and manage their own carer, and hometouch Assist, a fully managed live-in care service. The company aims to revolutionize the home care industry by leveraging technology to improve transparency, trust, and efficiency in care provision.

Xperiome is a global healthtech company focused on improving the understanding of rare diseases by providing pharmaceutical companies with valuable insights into patient experiences. The company operates an online platform that aggregates anonymized patient data, enabling biopharmaceutical firms to reduce the time and costs associated with clinical development. Through its crowdsourcing platform, Raremark, Xperiome facilitates the sharing of lived experiences from patients and their families, enhancing health literacy and fostering informed participation in medical research. By connecting research-ready individuals with clinical and real-world studies, Xperiome aims to accelerate the development of new therapies and improve existing treatment options for rare diseases.

mobileJob GmbH is a Berlin-based company that specializes in mobile recruiting solutions. Founded in 2014 by Steffen Manes and Kai Daniels, the company provides a mobile application designed to streamline the job listing and recruitment process for various sectors, including retail, packaging, logistics, and facility management. mobileJob enables businesses to advertise job opportunities through social media and facilitates candidate interviews via mobile phones and online platforms. Additionally, it offers tools that assist companies in recording, managing, and tracking job applications and candidates throughout the recruitment process.

Careship is a Berlin-based provider that connects families with qualified caregivers to support aging at home. Founded in 2015, it combines technology with a human touch to deliver in-home elderly care and companionship, offering services such as household help, daily care, dementia care, memory exercises, leisure activities, shopping and accompaniment to help families access reliable, personalized support for their loved ones.

Ieso Digital Health provides online, evidence-based mental health therapy via a digital platform, enabling one-to-one cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by accredited therapists in a virtual, convenient setting. The service covers common mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD, sleep problems, and related issues, and also supports patients with chronic physical health problems, medically unexplained symptoms, and other cognitive concerns. The company uses proprietary technology, including natural language processing and artificial intelligence, to monitor therapist protocol adherence and risk in real time, enabling text-based therapy sessions. It serves health providers including the NHS, private individuals, and employers, expanding access to clinically validated care outside traditional in-person settings.

Company Bike Solutions (CBS) specializes in providing bicycle and e-bike leasing services to medium and large-sized companies. Through a structured leasing agreement, employees of partner organizations can access a variety of bikes, including customized e-bikes, mountain bikes, road bikes, and trekking bikes, via a user-friendly service portal. CBS facilitates the delivery of these bikes directly to the workplaces of its clients, enhancing employee mobility while contributing to health and sustainability initiatives. By offering this cost-neutral solution, CBS helps companies improve their employer branding and reputation, enabling employees to use the bikes for commuting and recreational purposes.

ResQ Club is a Finnish company that connects sustainable restaurants, cafes, and grocery stores with consumers. It uses a proprietary location-based mobile and web service to enable consumers to discover and purchase surplus food at discounted rates, helping reduce food waste.

Arbor Education is a company focused on transforming educational environments by enhancing operational efficiency and improving student outcomes. It offers a Management Information System designed to automate school workflows, thereby saving teachers valuable time. Additionally, Arbor provides benchmarking analytics that help identify areas of concern within educational institutions, facilitating quicker interventions when needed. Through its innovative solutions, Arbor Education aims to streamline administrative processes and support educators in their mission to foster student success.

Repositive Ltd is a company based in Cambridge, United Kingdom, that operates an online platform facilitating access to human genomic data for researchers. The platform aggregates metadata from various genomic datasets worldwide, enabling users to discover and share data effectively. It offers features for managing data sources, enhancing visibility within the research community, and fostering collaborations. Additionally, Repositive provides services such as data scouting, access applications, policy reviews, and the establishment of data catalogues. The company has also developed the PDX Consortium to create a pre-competitive resource for patient-derived xenograft molecular data. Originally known as Nucleobase Limited, Repositive Ltd was incorporated in 2013 and rebranded in January 2015 to reflect its focus on genomic data accessibility and collaboration.

Talea aims to enhance the quality of life for individuals requiring care, their relatives, and caregivers by reducing worry, stress, and guilt. It improves interaction and coordination among stakeholders through its outpatient care services, residential communities, palliative care teams, nursing services, and shared nursing apartments.

MealSaver is a Berlin-based startup focused on combating food waste through its innovative mobile application. The app allows customers to purchase leftover food portions from restaurants, thereby minimizing food wastage. By connecting consumers with available surplus food, MealSaver not only helps reduce environmental impact but also provides an economical option for consumers seeking affordable meal solutions. The company aims to create a sustainable food ecosystem by encouraging responsible consumption and supporting local businesses.

BrightSpark embraces technology to deliver the benefit of one-to-one numeracy support to classrooms across the UK.

Ieso Digital Health provides online, evidence-based mental health therapy via a digital platform, enabling one-to-one cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by accredited therapists in a virtual, convenient setting. The service covers common mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD, sleep problems, and related issues, and also supports patients with chronic physical health problems, medically unexplained symptoms, and other cognitive concerns. The company uses proprietary technology, including natural language processing and artificial intelligence, to monitor therapist protocol adherence and risk in real time, enabling text-based therapy sessions. It serves health providers including the NHS, private individuals, and employers, expanding access to clinically validated care outside traditional in-person settings.

Media4Care specializes in developing multimedia therapy and entertainment solutions tailored for individuals with cognitive impairments, primarily focusing on senior care. Established in 2013, the company collaborated with medical professionals to create 'Media dementia', an interactive online library offering films, music, and games designed to support care staff in engaging and stimulating people with dementia. Their digital assistance system, optimized for elder care, includes tablets with large buttons and a stable cover, aiming to improve seniors' quality of life and alleviate pressure on caretakers.

Little Bird GmbH, founded in 2009 and based in Berlin, Germany, specializes in developing software solutions that facilitate the allocation of childcare slots. The company's interactive software aims to enhance the efficiency and transparency of the process, making it easier for families to access available childcare opportunities. In 2018, Little Bird GmbH became a subsidiary of Russmedia International AG, further expanding its reach and capabilities within the childcare sector.

Insane Logic Limited is a London-based company, established in 2008, that specializes in educational software and mobile technology aimed at enhancing language development and communication skills. The company's flagship product, MyChoicePad, is designed to assist both children and adults in improving their communication abilities. MyChoicePad was developed through a collaboration between Zoe Peden, a former senior manager at The Makaton Charity, and software developer Andrew Jackman. Insane Logic focuses on providing innovative tools that facilitate effective communication and support users in their educational journeys.

Over the past two years Social Finance, with the support of the Big Lottery Fund, has worked with four Local Authorities including Essex County Council (ECC) to explore the feasibility of using the Social Impact Bond mechanism to fund intensive prevention programmes for vulnerable adolescents in or at the edge of care. Essex County Council is the first local authority to award a Social Impact Bond contract. Social Finance has been awarded a contract by Essex County Council to deliver a Social Impact Bond to provide therapeutic support and improve outcomes for adolescents at risk of going into care. Essex County Council is the first local authority to commission a Social Impact Bond in Children’s Services. The Social Venture Fund invested £ 250,000 in a combination of equity and loans, together with the main Investor Bridges Social Enterpreneurs Fund LP and Big Society Capital Limited. In addition, the Charities Aid Foundation, King Baudouin Foundation and the Barrow Cadbury Trust are invested. The total capital requirement amounts to 3.1 million GBP. The Social Venture Fund will use its knowledge about the structure of Social Impact Bonds to assess and support comparable results-oriented and evidence-based models in continental Europe can.

Kinderzentren Kunterbunt GmbH is a childcare provider based in Nuremberg, Germany, with additional offices in Munich, Bonn, and Stuttgart. Founded in 1998, the company operates over 30 day nurseries and crèches, serving more than 1,000 children daily. It aims to create a nurturing environment where children can explore and develop their personalities. Kinderzentren Kunterbunt offers year-round services with flexible hours to support working parents in balancing their family and professional lives. In addition to childcare, the company provides seminars on various topics, including nutrition and health, to assist families in fostering well-being. With a dedicated workforce of 360 employees, Kinderzentren Kunterbunt focuses on the welfare of both children and their parents.

Vitabook GmbH, established in 2010 and headquartered in Jesteburg, Germany, specializes in developing social solutions for patients to manage their health information independently and communicate more effectively with healthcare providers. Its flagship product, Vitabook, is a personal health account that allows users to securely connect with all their doctors, clinics, and pharmacies. Primarily serving seriously ill, chronically ill individuals, and those requiring nursing care, Vitabook helps prevent dangerous medication interactions by providing a centralized platform for managing illness-related information via web or mobile application.

DEUTSCHLAND RUNDET AUF Partner GmbH, based in Berlin, Germany, operates as an independent nonprofit organization focused on promoting social projects within the country. The company facilitates a voluntary donation system where individuals can round up their purchase amounts at checkout to the nearest 10 cents, with the extra amount going towards social causes. All donations are transparently forwarded to sustainable social projects, allowing everyone to contribute to solving social problems in Germany through small, incremental donations.

auticon GmbH is a consulting firm based in Berlin, Germany, with additional offices in Munich and Düsseldorf. Founded in 2011, the company specializes in information technology services, particularly in software testing and quality assurance. auticon employs autistic individuals exclusively as software testers, leveraging their unique skills to provide high-quality workmanship in various areas, including static code analysis, functional testing, usability testing, and data analysis. The company's services cater to a diverse clientele, including software producers, IT firms, consulting companies, and public institutions. By focusing on the strengths of its workforce, auticon not only delivers exceptional testing services but also promotes inclusivity within the tech industry.

Founded in Munich, Germany in 2009, VerbaVoice specializes in mobile solutions that convert voice into text in real-time for individuals with hearing impairments.