Cisco

Actility S.A., founded in 2010 and headquartered in Lannion, France, is a leader in Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) and specializes in machine-to-machine communication solutions. The company's flagship platform, ThingPark, provides a carrier-grade Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure that supports scalable deployments of mission-critical applications. ThingPark facilitates the connection between sensors and cloud applications, accommodating a wide range of use cases from global networks to secure enterprise solutions. Actility features a growing ecosystem of partners and offers middleware that enables seamless integration of data from various sensors. Additionally, the company operates a B2B e-commerce marketplace that connects businesses with vetted IoT device, connectivity, and application providers. As a founding member of the LoRa Alliance™, Actility is committed to advancing IoT technologies and fostering collaboration within the industry.

Fluidmesh Networks LLC specializes in designing and manufacturing wireless systems tailored for security, industrial, and mission-critical applications. Their product offerings include a variety of wireless solutions such as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and mesh networks, which facilitate video surveillance, condition monitoring, and data communication. The company’s portfolio features advanced products like FM-SHIELD, FM-MONITOR, and various mobile and fixed wireless systems. Fluidmesh Networks serves diverse markets, including municipalities, industrial plants, schools, and recreational facilities, across multiple regions including North America, Europe, and Australia. Founded in 2005, the company is headquartered in Brooklyn, New York, with an additional office in Milan, Italy, and operates as a subsidiary of Cisco Systems, Inc.

Celeno Communications is a fabless semiconductor company that specializes in developing advanced components and subsystems for high-performance carrier-class WiFi systems and networks. The company focuses on enhancing home wireless networking through its innovative technology, which delivers high-definition entertainment and multimedia content throughout residential spaces. Celeno's products are designed to improve throughput, coverage, and quality of service, supporting a range of applications including multiple HDTV, SDTV, VoIP, and data services over home networks. Key to its technology are smart antenna systems, spatial radio switching, adaptive channel coding, dynamic scheduling, and multimedia quality of service optimization. Additionally, Celeno offers Wi-Fi chipsets, edge software, and cloud technologies aimed at extending internet capabilities into smart homes, cities, buildings, and industries, enabling seamless network management and operational efficiency for OEM manufacturers and Wi-Fi providers.

Celeno Communications is a fabless semiconductor company that specializes in developing advanced components and subsystems for high-performance carrier-class WiFi systems and networks. The company focuses on enhancing home wireless networking through its innovative technology, which delivers high-definition entertainment and multimedia content throughout residential spaces. Celeno's products are designed to improve throughput, coverage, and quality of service, supporting a range of applications including multiple HDTV, SDTV, VoIP, and data services over home networks. Key to its technology are smart antenna systems, spatial radio switching, adaptive channel coding, dynamic scheduling, and multimedia quality of service optimization. Additionally, Celeno offers Wi-Fi chipsets, edge software, and cloud technologies aimed at extending internet capabilities into smart homes, cities, buildings, and industries, enabling seamless network management and operational efficiency for OEM manufacturers and Wi-Fi providers.

Kumu Networks, Inc. is a technology company based in Sunnyvale, California, that specializes in developing innovative wireless systems using full-duplex wireless design technology. Founded in 2011, the company has created a solution that allows radios to transmit and receive signals simultaneously on a single frequency channel. This groundbreaking approach enhances the performance of wireless devices and reduces complexity across various applications. By enabling multiple radios to operate in close proximity without interference, Kumu's technology allows for improved cooperation among devices and effectively mitigates self-interference. This advancement has significant implications for the wireless market, providing radiofrequency system designers with the tools necessary to optimize performance in their designs.

Nwave Technologies Ltd. specializes in developing and manufacturing wireless Internet of Things (IoT) hardware and software solutions. The company offers a range of products, including wireless network technologies, sensors, and devices that capture real-time data for various applications. Its hardware portfolio features radio modules, universal modems, and a parking sensor that integrates with existing mobile and web frameworks. Nwave's solutions enhance parking management by utilizing advanced sensing technologies to accurately detect parking events while minimizing false readings. The company's offerings extend to traffic management, agriculture, security, and asset management across multiple industries, including government, healthcare, and logistics. Founded in 2012 and headquartered in London, Nwave also operates offices in Dallas and Eastern Europe.

Ubiquisys is a mobile communications company that specializes in designing and developing communications devices tailored for both mobile operators and consumers. The company is known for its ZoneGate femtocell system, a compact plug-and-play device that connects to home or office broadband networks to deliver 3G coverage, thereby enhancing mobile connectivity in these environments. In addition to its femtocell technology, Ubiquisys also provides solutions aimed at the wireless-wireline convergence technology market, contributing to the integration of diverse communication services.

BroadHop specializes in policy control solutions for telecom service providers, allowing them to effectively manage and monetize their converged networks. As a global leader in policy control deployments, BroadHop has established over 65 installations worldwide. The company's open policy platform uniquely supports all aspects of policy control, facilitating the efficient management of services across both new and legacy network components. This capability extends to in-network and third-party services, as well as various access technologies, whether wired or wireless. BroadHop's technology aims to simplify the process for service providers to personalize and optimize their offerings, enhancing their ability to meet diverse customer needs.

Meraki, a subsidiary of Cisco, specializes in providing cloud-controlled networking solutions, including Wi-Fi, routing, and security products for both wired and wireless networks. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio that features wireless LAN, switching, security appliances, and mobile device management, all managed centrally through the cloud. Its products cater to a diverse clientele, ranging from small and medium-sized businesses to large enterprises, educational institutions, and global hotel chains. Meraki's offerings include the Enterprise Cloud Controller, which facilitates wireless access for various sectors, as well as routers, access points, and solar-powered accessories. Founded by MIT PhD students, Meraki has established its headquarters in San Francisco, California, within Cisco's innovation hub.

Celeno Communications is a fabless semiconductor company that specializes in developing advanced components and subsystems for high-performance carrier-class WiFi systems and networks. The company focuses on enhancing home wireless networking through its innovative technology, which delivers high-definition entertainment and multimedia content throughout residential spaces. Celeno's products are designed to improve throughput, coverage, and quality of service, supporting a range of applications including multiple HDTV, SDTV, VoIP, and data services over home networks. Key to its technology are smart antenna systems, spatial radio switching, adaptive channel coding, dynamic scheduling, and multimedia quality of service optimization. Additionally, Celeno offers Wi-Fi chipsets, edge software, and cloud technologies aimed at extending internet capabilities into smart homes, cities, buildings, and industries, enabling seamless network management and operational efficiency for OEM manufacturers and Wi-Fi providers.

ThinkSmart Technologies is a company based in San Jose, California, founded in 2010. It specializes in enhancing wireless network infrastructure and provides advanced location analytics services. By utilizing Wi-Fi technology, ThinkSmart Technologies enables businesses to gather and analyze location data, helping them understand end user behavior more effectively. This insight supports companies in making informed business decisions.

ip.access Limited develops and manufactures small cell solutions, specifically femtocells and picocells, to address coverage and capacity challenges for mobile operators. The company’s offerings include nano3G technology, which facilitates rapid deployment for various access points, and Oyster3G technology, designed for large-scale femtocell infrastructures. Additionally, ip.access provides nanoConverge, a small cell radio access network solution that integrates 2G and 3G technologies into a unified platform for enhanced mobile coverage in diverse environments such as homes, offices, and public spaces. Their products also encompass nanoGSM, a 2G picocell solution, the Viper enterprise radio access network platform, and nanoLTE+ E-100 Access Point for LTE connectivity. With over a decade of experience, ip.access supports more than 90 global customers, helping them to effectively manage increasing demands for mobile capacity while fostering new revenue opportunities. The company also offers professional services, including consultancy and installation, to ensure seamless integration and operation of their solutions. Founded in 1997 and based in Cambridge, UK, ip.access operates as a subsidiary of Mavenir Systems.

iControl Networks is a technology company that specializes in providing a software platform for service providers and home security companies, facilitating the delivery of connected home solutions to households globally. Founded in 2003 and based in Redwood City, California, iControl offers a range of services including device management, remote access, task scheduling, and video management. Its solutions allow users to remotely control and manage home security systems through various devices such as web browsers, smartphones, and tablets. Additionally, the company provides home awareness, energy management, and health monitoring solutions for the elderly. One of its notable products is Piper, a Wi-Fi-enabled device that integrates video, home automation, and environmental sensors. iControl also supports collaboration through its OpenHome Partner program, which connects application and device makers on a unified platform.

Tilera Corporation is a fabless semiconductor company that specializes in designing multicore embedded processors tailored for the networking, digital multimedia, and wireless infrastructure sectors. Founded in 2004 and headquartered in San Jose, California, with additional locations in Westborough, Massachusetts, and Beijing, China, Tilera offers a range of products including the TILEPro multicore processor, which provides high-performance computing for various embedded applications. The company also develops multicore software development tools and production boards, such as TILExpress PCIe cards, to support its processors. Tilera's innovations aim to meet the processing and power needs of modern digital and wireless infrastructures.

Celeno Communications is a fabless semiconductor company that specializes in developing advanced components and subsystems for high-performance carrier-class WiFi systems and networks. The company focuses on enhancing home wireless networking through its innovative technology, which delivers high-definition entertainment and multimedia content throughout residential spaces. Celeno's products are designed to improve throughput, coverage, and quality of service, supporting a range of applications including multiple HDTV, SDTV, VoIP, and data services over home networks. Key to its technology are smart antenna systems, spatial radio switching, adaptive channel coding, dynamic scheduling, and multimedia quality of service optimization. Additionally, Celeno offers Wi-Fi chipsets, edge software, and cloud technologies aimed at extending internet capabilities into smart homes, cities, buildings, and industries, enabling seamless network management and operational efficiency for OEM manufacturers and Wi-Fi providers.

AeroScout specializes in real-time location technology that utilizes Wi-Fi-based RFID tags, exciters, and location receivers to enhance asset tracking and monitoring services. The company offers two primary products: Engine, which is a software component that supports location-based applications in a wireless LAN environment, and MobileView, an application focused on enterprise visibility solutions. AeroScout also provides professional services including site planning and pre-installation assistance. By implementing its technology, companies can streamline operations, improve productivity, reduce errors, and achieve cost savings, thereby facilitating more effective management of everyday tasks.

Arch Rock Corporation is a systems and software company specializing in wireless sensor networks. Founded in 2005 and based in San Francisco, California, the company focuses on integrating data from these networks into enterprise IT infrastructure, allowing for efficient viewing, analysis, and management of sensory information. By leveraging cutting-edge Internet and Web technologies, Arch Rock enables the creation of scalable networks that eliminate physical limitations, providing access to previously unobservable data. The founding team has a strong background in the research and development of wireless sensor networking, driving the company's mission to enhance the integration of physical and digital worlds, ultimately expanding the Internet's capacity to include awareness of the physical environment.

iControl Networks is a technology company that specializes in providing a software platform for service providers and home security companies, facilitating the delivery of connected home solutions to households globally. Founded in 2003 and based in Redwood City, California, iControl offers a range of services including device management, remote access, task scheduling, and video management. Its solutions allow users to remotely control and manage home security systems through various devices such as web browsers, smartphones, and tablets. Additionally, the company provides home awareness, energy management, and health monitoring solutions for the elderly. One of its notable products is Piper, a Wi-Fi-enabled device that integrates video, home automation, and environmental sensors. iControl also supports collaboration through its OpenHome Partner program, which connects application and device makers on a unified platform.

Celeno Communications is a fabless semiconductor company that specializes in developing advanced components and subsystems for high-performance carrier-class WiFi systems and networks. The company focuses on enhancing home wireless networking through its innovative technology, which delivers high-definition entertainment and multimedia content throughout residential spaces. Celeno's products are designed to improve throughput, coverage, and quality of service, supporting a range of applications including multiple HDTV, SDTV, VoIP, and data services over home networks. Key to its technology are smart antenna systems, spatial radio switching, adaptive channel coding, dynamic scheduling, and multimedia quality of service optimization. Additionally, Celeno offers Wi-Fi chipsets, edge software, and cloud technologies aimed at extending internet capabilities into smart homes, cities, buildings, and industries, enabling seamless network management and operational efficiency for OEM manufacturers and Wi-Fi providers.

Zensys specializes in wireless networking technology focused on control and status reading applications. The company is best known for developing Z-Wave, a cost-effective, two-way wireless mesh network communications technology. This technology allows consumers to conveniently and securely monitor and manage various home control systems, such as lighting and security, from anywhere globally. In addition to its core technology, Zensys provides a range of products and services, including application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), development kits, and engineering services tailored for Original Equipment Manufacturers.

Navini Networks specializes in providing portable, plug-n-play broadband wireless access solutions in the United States. The company offers a range of pre-Mobile WiMAX products, including the Ripwave MX product line, which features portable base stations, modems, radio frequency combiners, and element management systems. In addition, Navini Networks develops Smart WiMAX technology, which incorporates beamformed MIMO and smart beamforming to enhance mobile broadband services. Founded in 2000 and headquartered in Richardson, Texas, Navini Networks aims to deliver effective broadband solutions to the mass market.

Cognio is a provider of cognitive radio solutions focused on unlicensed band wireless technologies. Headquartered in the Boston area, the company operates engineering design centers in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and has an affiliated office in Ottawa, Canada. Cognio's flagship product, Spectrum Expert 3.1, is designed to analyze, diagnose, and locate devices operating within radio frequency environments that utilize WiFi and RFID frequency bands. By offering tools that troubleshoot, monitor, and optimize wireless local area networks, Cognio supports its customers in maintaining reliable performance in mission-critical wireless applications.

ZeroG Wireless is a company focused on developing innovative wireless solutions to connect a diverse range of devices to the Internet. With the increasing prevalence of Wi-Fi infrastructure, ZeroG aims to facilitate the connectivity of various applications, especially in industrial, scientific, and medical sectors. The company specializes in Wi-Fi input/output chips and modules, as well as development tools tailored for utility and smart energy, consumer electronics, industrial controls, remote device management, retail, and healthcare industries. By leveraging its expertise in low-power, integrated design and a deep understanding of embedded systems, ZeroG Wireless is committed to providing accessible Wi-Fi solutions that simplify engineering efforts and accelerate time to market for connected devices.

Avega Systems specializes in developing a comprehensive whole-home networked music solution known as Aios. This innovative platform facilitates music streaming across multiple zones in a home, allowing users to access content from various sources including media servers, internet radio, and portable media players. Aios supports both Wi-Fi and wired networking, enabling seamless integration with devices such as game consoles, CD/DVD players, and A/V receivers. The system is designed for user-friendly control through a graphical Wi-Fi remote, on-device display controllers, or dedicated PC software. Furthermore, Aios is fully compliant with UPnP and DLNA standards, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of devices. Avega offers the Aios platform on an OEM basis, partnering with established brands to enhance their product offerings in the home entertainment market.

AeroScout specializes in real-time location technology that utilizes Wi-Fi-based RFID tags, exciters, and location receivers to enhance asset tracking and monitoring services. The company offers two primary products: Engine, which is a software component that supports location-based applications in a wireless LAN environment, and MobileView, an application focused on enterprise visibility solutions. AeroScout also provides professional services including site planning and pre-installation assistance. By implementing its technology, companies can streamline operations, improve productivity, reduce errors, and achieve cost savings, thereby facilitating more effective management of everyday tasks.

Meetinghouse Data Communications develops network security and authentication products. The company offers network authentication software for wired and wireless local-area networks, including AEGIS, a security solution that provides user authentication for wireless local area networks; EAP-TTLS protocol, which addresses security risks of wireless local area networks; and 802.1X supplicant that is used to authenticate wireless or wired local-area network users during login and network sessions.

Kalon Semiconductor, a semiconductor company, develops connectivity products for wireless and wired applications. It offers ultra wideband technology for in-home multimedia, wireless USB, wireless high definition video, and Bluetooth 3.0. connectivity. The company serves manufacturers of network devices, display monitors, televisions, media adapters, set top boxes, media center computers, laptop computers, handsets, PDAs, and USB connectivity products. Kalon Semiconductor, Inc. was founded in 2005 and is based in San Diego, California with an additional office in Taipei, Taiwan.

Zensys specializes in wireless networking technology focused on control and status reading applications. The company is best known for developing Z-Wave, a cost-effective, two-way wireless mesh network communications technology. This technology allows consumers to conveniently and securely monitor and manage various home control systems, such as lighting and security, from anywhere globally. In addition to its core technology, Zensys provides a range of products and services, including application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), development kits, and engineering services tailored for Original Equipment Manufacturers.

Crossbow Technology, Inc. manufactures and supplies wireless sensor networks and inertial sensor systems. It offers accelerometers, angular rate sensors (gyros), magnetometers, GPS, and air-data sensors for instrumentation, navigation, and control applications in land, marine, and airborne environments; and intertial systems, accelerometers, tilt sensors, and magnetometers for general aviation, automotive test, antenna stabilization, unmanned aerial vehicles, agriculture and construction, vibration monitoring, and towed sonar arrays. The company also provides wireless sensor network development kits, wireless modules, sensor boards, gateways, and wireless solutions blog for industrial, environmental monitoring, building automation, academic programs, and asset management applications. In addition, it offers MoteWorks, an OEM software platform that offers developers the comprehensive benefits of wireless technology in a given sensor application. Further, the company provides design engineering services. Crossbow Technology offers its products through a network of distributors worldwide.

Airespace is a market leader in the design and development of wireless networking platforms that support business-critical applications. The company's AireWave Director(TM) Software provides dynamic RF intelligence for network optimization, air tight security, seamless mobility, and support for real-time applications, such as voice. With Airespace, enterprises can maximize the value of mobility by putting the air space to work.

LightPointe Communications, Inc. (a.k.a. LightPointe Wireless) is privately held. The company was launched in 1998 and is headquartered in San Diego, CA, with regional offices/presence in Europe (Germany & France) and Asia (Thailand). LightPointe also provides solutions via its AirePointe Security & Government Solutions Division (www.AirePointe.com). LightPointe is the number one manufacturer in the world of point-to-point Gigabit Ethernet Free Space Optics and Hybrid Optical-Radio Bridges, and manufactures a complete line of 4G/LTE backhaul radios (60 GHz & 70/80 GHz e-band) for telecom carriers and enterprises such as businesses, schools, the military & government agencies. With over $80 million in product development and over eight key patents, LightPointe has deployed thousands of Gigabit Ethernet bridges and digital video/security backhaul solutions worldwide.

The Linksys Group is a manufacturer of networking products designed for home and small office use. The company specializes in a wide range of wired and wireless equipment, including broadband and wireless routers, Ethernet switches suitable for both consumers and small businesses, and VoIP devices. Additionally, Linksys provides wireless internet video cameras, audio-visual products, and network storage systems. By focusing on the needs of home users and small office environments, Linksys aims to enhance connectivity and communication through its innovative product offerings.

Flarion Technologies, based in Bedminster, New Jersey, specializes in mobile broadband solutions, having developed FLASH-OFDM technology since 2000. The company offers a range of products, including the RadioRouter base station, FLASH-OFDM modems, embedded chipsets, and system software, which together create a comprehensive end-to-end network for mobile operators. Flarion's technology enables wireless carriers to provide high-speed data services to their subscribers. In addition to its hardware, Flarion licenses its FLASH-OFDM technology, allowing for the integration of high-speed capabilities into various devices such as notebook PCs, handhelds, personal digital assistants, web tablets, and mobile handsets.

LightPointe Communications, Inc. (a.k.a. LightPointe Wireless) is privately held. The company was launched in 1998 and is headquartered in San Diego, CA, with regional offices/presence in Europe (Germany & France) and Asia (Thailand). LightPointe also provides solutions via its AirePointe Security & Government Solutions Division (www.AirePointe.com). LightPointe is the number one manufacturer in the world of point-to-point Gigabit Ethernet Free Space Optics and Hybrid Optical-Radio Bridges, and manufactures a complete line of 4G/LTE backhaul radios (60 GHz & 70/80 GHz e-band) for telecom carriers and enterprises such as businesses, schools, the military & government agencies. With over $80 million in product development and over eight key patents, LightPointe has deployed thousands of Gigabit Ethernet bridges and digital video/security backhaul solutions worldwide.

Bandspeed specializes in semiconductor-based wireless systems that enhance the performance and management of enterprise wireless local area networks (WLANs). The company offers a comprehensive solution that combines silicon and software, simplifying the deployment and ongoing management of WLANs while reducing total ownership costs. Bandspeed's RF management technology provides superior physical layer performance and supports the rapid development of new services by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and original design manufacturers (ODMs). The solution utilizes advanced techniques such as omni-directional and spatial division multiple access (SDMA) to create cost-effective indoor, campus, and outdoor wireless networks. Additionally, Bandspeed incorporates features such as embedded radio-frequency interference detection and management, ensuring continuous automated oversight for optimal network efficiency and user satisfaction.

Adir Technologies develops and markets network management software for VoIP and other packet-based multimedia networks. It provides software solutions for telecommunications, internet, wireless, and broadband service providers and enterprises. Adir Technologies is acquired by NetSpeak Corporation in August 2001. Adir Technologies was founded in 1995 and is based in Newark, New Jersey.

ExiO Communications develops wireless technologies for corporate networks based on code division multiple access technologies. Cisco acquired ExiO communications in 2000.

Radiata is a developer of high-speed wireless networking products for the home, small office or home office, enterprise and public area environments. Radiata is a privately held company with corporate headquarters in San Jose, California. There are research and development facilities based in Sydney, Australia. Radiata, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Cisco Systems, Inc.

CAIS Software is a developer and provider of Internet software for wireless networking services for hotels, apartments and small businesses. Their installations include airports, convention centers, cruise ships, cafes and other public areas throughout the country and around the world. Successful deployments include the Hyatt Regency Bellevue, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, the Seattle-Tacoma Airport, Mail Boxes Etc. and Circadia café.

Adir Technologies develops and markets network management software for VoIP and other packet-based multimedia networks. It provides software solutions for telecommunications, internet, wireless, and broadband service providers and enterprises. Adir Technologies is acquired by NetSpeak Corporation in August 2001. Adir Technologies was founded in 1995 and is based in Newark, New Jersey.

Luxxon Corporation specializes in adaptive rich media technology aimed at addressing the challenges associated with delivering high-quality media over wireless networks. The company provides infrastructure solutions tailored for wireless operators, as well as integrated circuit solutions designed for manufacturers of handsets and PDAs. Luxxon's offerings include transcoding gateways, multimedia servers, and processors that facilitate the streaming of various types of digital video and audio across a range of devices, including mobile phones, web appliances, and personal computers. Through its innovative technology, Luxxon enhances the user experience by ensuring seamless access to rich media content.

Ensemble Communications is a develops wireless infrastructure equipment for high-speed local broadband access applications.

IPmobile is a new, wireless communications infrastructure company focused on transforming raw radio capacity into managed, cost-efficient, and IP service-ready bandwidth. Using IPmobile's solutions, network operators and service/content providers will be able to profitably extend wireline VPN, service guarantees, provisioned QoS, premium content delivery, VoIP, and multicasting capabilities over the air. The Company's air intelligent technology has wide applicability for current cellular/PCS and fixed wireless markets, and for next generation IP-based wireless/mobility networks.

Radiata is a developer of high-speed wireless networking products for the home, small office or home office, enterprise and public area environments. Radiata is a privately held company with corporate headquarters in San Jose, California. There are research and development facilities based in Sydney, Australia. Radiata, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Cisco Systems, Inc.

JetCell is a company based in Menlo Park, California, that specializes in the development of wireless communications equipment tailored for in-building and metropolitan applications. Founded in 1998, JetCell focuses on creating standards-based wireless telephony solutions that cater to corporate networks. The company’s technology is designed to enhance connectivity in environments where traditional wireless signals may be weak or inconsistent, utilizing features optimized for small-footprint applications based on the GSM standard.

Worldwide Data Systems is a leader in consulting and engineering services for converged data and voice networks.

Aironet Wireless Communications was engaged in the design, development, and marketing of wireless local area networking solutions. It also developed and marketed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint bridge products for fixed wireless networking between buildings.

Clarity Wireless is focused on the development of wireless communication technology solutions. It provides a range of information technology infrastructure installation, maintenance, and support services. Clarity Wireless was acquired by Cisco in September 1998. Clarity Wireless was founded by Greg Raleigh in 1996.

Summa Four is a telecommunications company that specializes in the development, marketing, and manufacture of programmable switches. The company provides both wireline and wireless services, focusing on the needs of the telecommunications industry in the United States. By combining its expertise in programmable technology with service delivery, Summa Four aims to enhance the infrastructure and capabilities of telecommunications providers.