The U.S. Department of Energy is a government agency established in 1977, located in Washington, D.C. Its primary mission is to ensure the security and prosperity of the nation by tackling energy, environmental, and nuclear challenges. The Department focuses on promoting transformative scientific and technological solutions to address these issues, thereby supporting the country's energy needs and environmental sustainability.

Agnico-Eagle Mines Limited is a Canada-based international gold producer with mining operations located in northwestern Quebec, northern Mexico, northern Finland, and Nunavut. The company also engages in exploration activities across Canada, Europe, Latin America, and the United States. Agnico-Eagle operates through four segments: Canada, Europe, Latin America, and Exploration. Its portfolio includes notable mines and projects such as the LaRonde, Lapa, Goldex, Kittila, Pinos Altos, La India, and Meadowbank mines. The company has expanded its interests in the mining sector through acquisitions, including stakes in Atac Resources Ltd., Sulliden Gold Corp Ltd., and Urastar Gold Corp.

Orion Resource Partners is a New York-based alternative investment manager that provides flexible capital solutions to mining and natural resource companies worldwide. The firm focuses on debt, structured equity, and production-linked financing, with capabilities in convertibles, offtake agreements, streaming, and royalty investments. It targets publicly traded mining entities in base and precious metals and uses a disciplined, risk-adjusted investment process. By offering tailored capital structures and active portfolio management, Orion supports growth and resilience in the metals sector across global markets.

Trafigura Group is a multinational commodity trading company established in 1993, specializing in the trading and distribution of a diverse array of commodities, including oil, metals, minerals, and agricultural products. As one of the world's largest commodity trading firms, Trafigura engages in multiple facets of the commodity supply chain, such as sourcing, transportation, storage, and distribution. The company operates on a global scale, maintaining a strong presence in key markets and regions. Trafigura's activities encompass the trading of physical commodities, financial derivatives, and other instruments aimed at managing price risk and optimizing supply chain operations. Additionally, the company owns and operates various industrial assets, including Nyrstar, a multi-metals producer, and Puma Energy, a fuel storage and distribution enterprise. It also engages in joint ventures with Impala Terminals, a logistics provider, and Nala Renewables, focused on power and renewable energy investments and developments.

BMO Capital Markets is a full-service financial services firm based in Toronto and part of BMO Financial Group. It provides investment banking and corporate banking services to corporate, institutional, and government clients, including equity and debt underwriting, corporate lending and project financing, mergers and acquisitions advisory, securitization, treasury and risk management, debt and equity research, and institutional sales and trading. The firm serves clients across sectors such as aerospace, food, chemicals, mining, healthcare, energy and power, and media and entertainment, delivering a broad range of products and services to support capital raising, financing, and advisory needs.

The Government of Canada, headquartered in Ottawa, serves as a key agency responsible for developing and implementing policies and programs that promote economic, fiscal, social, security, and international stability. It aims to ensure strong and sustainable governance through its various initiatives and frameworks. The agency also prioritizes transparency and accessibility, facilitating citizens' access to government information and services via a centralized online platform. This website acts as a comprehensive portal that provides essential information on the government's operations, priorities, laws, and policies, ensuring that Canadians can easily navigate and utilize the available resources using any internet-enabled device.

Crescat Capital is a global macro asset management firm.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency established in 1950 and based in Alexandria, Virginia. It is dedicated to supporting research and education in science and engineering across a wide range of disciplines. The NSF provides significant non-dilutive funding, up to $1.5 million, to startups and small businesses through its America's Seed Fund initiative, which is part of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program mandated by Congress. With an operating budget of approximately $7.8 billion, the NSF is committed to advancing fundamental research and education, thus fostering innovation and technological development in the United States.

Canaccord Genuity, established in 1950 and headquartered in Toronto, Canada, is an independent investment bank offering comprehensive financial services. The company provides a full suite of services, including market research, equity sales and trading, analysis, and financing, catering to a diverse range of industries such as blockchain, cannabis, gaming, and technology. Canaccord Genuity also offers wealth management services through its subsidiary, Canaccord Genuity Wealth Management, which provides tailored solutions to individual investors, private clients, charities, and intermediaries across Canada, Australia, the UK, and Europe. The company operates as a division of Canaccord Genuity Group and advises clients on debt, restructuring, capital markets, mergers and acquisitions, and financing transactions.

SOSV, established in 1995 and headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, is a global venture capital firm specializing in early-stage investments. It focuses on deep tech innovations in the health and environmental sectors, supporting founders with breakthrough technologies through its HAX and IndieBio startup development programs. SOSV provides resources, facilities, and lab equipment to accelerate product development and scale, with a track record of helping its portfolio companies secure subsequent funding rounds led by top-tier investors.

Haywood Securities is an investment banking firm established in 1981 and headquartered in Vancouver, Canada. The company specializes in a range of financial services, including investment banking, sales, trading, research, portfolio management, equity capital markets, and correspondent clearing. Haywood Securities primarily serves institutional and retail markets, focusing on sectors such as mining, oil, gas, infrastructure, and technology. With a commitment to delivering comprehensive investment solutions, the firm operates within a diverse array of industries, positioning itself as a significant player in the Canadian financial landscape.

Export Development Canada is a government-owned export credit agency that supports Canadian companies in expanding internationally. Founded in 1944 and based in Ottawa, it provides financial solutions, insurance, trade knowledge, and connections to help exporters and their international buyers grow with confidence. The organization offers trade financing, export credit insurance, bond products, and secured loans to small and medium-sized businesses, as well as equity and venture capital investments. By offering these capabilities, EDC helps Canadian firms of all sizes pursue global opportunities and manage risks in cross-border trade.

Wheaton Precious Metals is the world's largest precious metal streaming company. It operates by securing agreements with mining companies to purchase silver and/or gold at a low fixed cost in exchange for an upfront payment. With operations across politically stable regions, Wheaton has created a business model that offers shareholders leverage to increases in precious metal prices, additional growth through new streams, dividend yields, and participation in exploration success. This model reduces capital and operating costs risks typically associated with traditional mining companies.

Centerra Gold is a North American gold mining and exploration company involved in the operation, exploration, development, and acquisition of gold properties across Asia, Canada, and other global markets. The company aims to enhance shareholder value by establishing annual gold production of 1.5 million ounces. Its operations are organized into segments based on geographic location and products. Key projects include the Kumtor Gold Project in the Kyrgyz Republic, the Oksut Project in Turkey, and the Mount Milligan Mine in North America. Additionally, Centerra manages a molybdenum segment that operates the Langeloth processing facility and oversees care and maintenance activities. Through its strategic approach, Centerra seeks to maximize the potential of its current assets while pursuing long-life, low-cost projects to bolster its portfolio.

Rio Tinto is a global mining company that discovers, mines, and processes mineral resources. It offers products such as iron ore, aluminum, copper, diamonds, gold, borates, titanium dioxide, and uranium, serving various industries including steelmaking, automotive, construction, and electronics.

Massachusetts Capital Resource Company, founded in 1977 and based in Boston, Massachusetts, serves as a private investment firm focused on addressing the funding gap for growing companies. The company provides risk capital in the form of mezzanine financing, long-term debt, and equity investments, specifically targeting emerging growth and middle-market firms. Its primary sectors of interest include manufacturing, distribution, service, and technology. By offering tailored investment solutions, Massachusetts Capital complements the financing available from senior lenders and equity investors, thereby supporting the growth and acquisition needs of companies operating in Massachusetts.

Bergen Asset Management, LLC is a New York-based global asset management firm that specializes in equity investments in high-growth publicly traded and private companies, with a primary focus on markets outside the United States. The firm adopts a sector-agnostic approach, allowing it to explore a diverse range of industries. However, it particularly favors sectors that demonstrate the potential for above-market medium-term appreciation, reflecting its strategic investment philosophy.

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development finances projects and provides advisory services to the public and private sectors. It supports new ventures and expansion in existing companies through project financing, loans, and equity or quasi-equity investments, including equity funds and guarantees, and it partners with private entities to invest across sectors such as banking, energy, manufacturing, infrastructure, information technology, and services. The bank also helps publicly owned entities privatize and restructure municipal services and engages in policy reform dialogue and advisory services, along with trade finance and loan syndication. Founded in 1990 and headquartered in London, it operates across regions including Southeastern and Central Europe, the Baltic States, Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, Central Asia, and parts of the Middle East and Africa, aiming to foster market-oriented change and private sector development by mobilizing capital for sustainable investments. It has invested more than €130 billion in over 5,200 projects.

Techstars is a global platform that invests in and supports early-stage technology companies. Founded in 2006, it operates a mentorship-driven accelerator program, providing seed funding, intensive mentorship, and access to a network of investors and entrepreneurs. Techstars has programs in various locations worldwide, including Boston, Boulder, New York, Seattle, London, Chicago, and Austin. It invests $118,000 in each company, with $18,000 in seed funding and an optional $100,000 convertible debt note. Techstars also has industry-specific accelerator programs, such as Techstars Retail and Techstars Music, focusing on retail and music technology, respectively. Its portfolio includes over 1,000 companies with a combined market cap of $8.1 billion.

EASME is a European Union executive agency that supports small and medium-sized enterprises and promotes innovation in Europe. It manages projects in the areas of small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the environment, energy, and maritime sectors, funded by COSME, LIFE, and EMFF. EASME organizes the European Sustainable Energy Week and serves industries such as environmental management, energy production, and maritime activities.

Enhanced Capital, established in 1999, is a New York-based investment firm managing over $400 million. It specializes in providing flexible equity and debt financing to small and mid-sized businesses, promoting their growth and expansion. The firm's investment approach is practical and tailored, aiming to maximize the growth potential of companies poised for rapid growth. Enhanced Capital also invests in renewable energy, historic real estate rehabilitation, and affordable housing projects, often leveraging federal and state incentive programs.

Beedie Capital, founded in 1954 and based in Vancouver, Canada, is a prominent owner and developer of industrial, commercial, and residential real estate. The company operates as a multi-strategy direct investment platform specializing in alternative investments and assets. With a flexible structure, Beedie Capital engages in a variety of investment formats including buyouts, senior debt, and growth capital, primarily targeting investments between $10 million and $50 million in both public and private companies. While open to opportunities across various sectors, the firm has a core focus on technology, tech-enabled services, as well as metals and mining. Beedie Capital positions itself as a strategic partner, actively collaborating with management teams and stakeholders to foster growth and enhance the value of its investments.

Teck is a leading diversified natural resource company based in Canada, founded in 1910. Over its more than 100 years of operation, Teck has focused on responsible mining and mineral development, contributing to community building, job creation, and sustainable innovation in the industry. The company primarily engages in base metals mining, with significant copper and zinc operations in Canada, the United States, Chile, and Peru. Following the divestment from its metallurgical coal and oil sands businesses, copper has become Teck's major commodity, significantly bolstered by the Quebrada Blanca 2 project in Chile, which is expected to increase copper production by approximately 75%. Teck is recognized as one of the top three zinc miners globally and is actively working to rebalance its portfolio towards low-carbon metals, primarily copper, to align with evolving market demands.

BHP Group is a multinational mining company headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. It is one of the world's largest mining companies, primarily producing iron ore and copper. Originally formed through the merger of Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) and Anglo-Dutch Billiton plc in 2001, BHP Group operates as a dual-listed company on the Australian Securities Exchange and London Stock Exchange.

Osisko Gold Royalties is a North American-focused intermediate precious metal royalty company that commenced operations in June 2014. The company specializes in acquiring and managing a diverse portfolio of over 175 royalties, streams, and precious metal offtakes, primarily centered in North America. Its flagship asset is a 5% net smelter return royalty on the Canadian Malartic mine, the largest gold mine in Canada. In addition to its royalty and stream interests, Osisko engages in the exploration, evaluation, and development of mining projects, contributing to its growth and diversification. The majority of its income is derived from North American operations, reflecting its strategic focus on the region's mining potential.

Raymond James Financial is a U.S.-based financial services company headquartered in Saint Petersburg, Florida, founded in 1962. It provides investment banking and wealth management services to individuals, corporations, and municipalities, including mergers and acquisitions advisory, public offerings, debt origination, and restructuring across sectors such as technology, energy, healthcare, financial services, and more. Its wealth management arm offers financial planning, insurance and investments. The firm operates through specialized groups such as Raymond James & Associates for wealth management and Raymond James Technology and Communications Investment Banking Group for tech and telecom advisory, leveraging in-house research to deliver independent advice and long-term value for clients at all stages.

Founded in 1832, Scotiabank is a global financial services leader offering personal and business banking, brokerage, insurance, private wealth management, and commercial, corporate, and institutional services. With over 86,000 employees serving more than 21 million customers in over 55 countries, the bank is committed to helping individuals, companies, and communities thrive by delivering practical advice and relevant solutions.

Founded in 2005, Y Combinator is a California-based startup accelerator and early-stage venture capital firm. It provides funding, mentorship, and resources to early-stage companies across various industries, with a focus on technology, healthcare, and finance. The organization helps founders refine their business models and products through an intensive three-month program in Silicon Valley, culminating in Demo Day presentations to investors.

Zijin Mining Group specializes in the exploration and mining of mineral resources, primarily gold, copper, and zinc. With a strong focus on innovation, it operates one of China's largest metal mineral resource bases and has consistently ranked among the industry's most profitable companies.

Toyota Tsusho is a Japanese trading company that engages in diverse business activities. It operates through segments such as Metal Plus (steel processing and sales), Mobility (automotive components and secondhand cars), Chemical and Electronics (semiconductors, electronics, chemicals), Global Parts and Logistics (warehousing and logistics services), and Machinery, Energy and Plant Project (industrial machinery and petroleum products).

Sidex is a government investment firm based in Montreal, Canada, founded in 2001. The company specializes in investing in businesses engaged in mineral exploration throughout the state. By focusing on this sector, Sidex aims to support and promote the development of mineral resources, contributing to the growth and sustainability of the industry.

Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation is a Japanese multinational banking and financial services company that provides a comprehensive array of financial services primarily focused on banking. Its operations encompass leasing, securities, credit card services, investment, mortgage securitization, venture capital, and various credit-related businesses. As a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, the bank has established a significant presence in the financial sector, being recognized as the second largest bank in Japan by assets as of 2009. Through its diverse offerings, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation serves a wide range of clients, contributing to its strong standing in the banking industry.

GMP Securities L.P., founded in 1995 as Griffiths McBurney & Partners, operates as an independent investment dealer based in Toronto, Canada. The firm specializes in providing advisory services related to public underwritings, private placements, mergers and acquisitions, and debt and divestiture transactions. GMP Securities also offers institutional sales, trading, and research services to corporate clients and institutional investors, with a strong presence in sectors such as mining, financial services, real estate, technology, blockchain, and healthcare. GMP Securities has maintained a significant position in the market, finishing sixth in market share on the Toronto Stock Exchange at its inception. The firm also has affiliates that cater to high net worth clients and private equity investments. In 2019, GMP Securities was acquired by Stifel Financial, further expanding its reach and capabilities in the investment banking landscape.

AngloGold Ashanti Limited is a global gold mining company headquartered in Johannesburg, South Africa. Established in 1944, it operates 14 mines and three projects across nine countries, primarily in South Africa, Continental Africa, the Americas, and Australia. The company focuses on the production of gold, silver, uranium, and sulphuric acid, with a significant portion of its revenue derived from its operations in Africa, including notable mines such as Kibali, Iduapriem, Obuasi, Siguiri, and Geita. Committed to responsible mining practices and sustainability, AngloGold Ashanti seeks to create long-term value for its stakeholders through ethical business practices and strong governance.

Apollo Global Capital is a holding company that operates primarily in the mining sector, engaging in the extraction of magnetite iron ore and competing in the global iron ore market. The company also manages various business activities, including the sale of database research engine-related products and the execution of pre- and post-production tasks for websites. These products are marketed through finished product advertisements. In addition to its focus on mining, Apollo Global Capital is involved in alternative investment management, with interests spanning private equity, credit-oriented capital markets, and real estate investments.

Nucor Corporation is a prominent manufacturer and seller of steel and steel products, operating primarily through two business segments: steel mills and steel products. The steel mills segment produces a wide range of hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel products, including angles, rounds, flats, channels, sheets, wide-flange beams, pilings, billets, blooms, beam blanks, and plates. The steel products segment offers various items such as steel joists and joist girders, steel deck, cold finished steel, steel fasteners, metal building systems, and light gauge steel framing. Nucor has expanded its operations through strategic acquisitions, including the purchase of SHV North America Corporation and Metal Recycling Services Inc., enhancing its capabilities in steel manufacturing and recycling.

Founded in France in 1864, Societe Generale is a global financial services company with a significant presence in the UK since 1871. It offers a wide range of services including corporate and investment banking, private banking, asset management, prime brokerage, clearing services, and vehicle financing. With around 4,300 employees across the UK, Societe Generale is committed to its community through various corporate social responsibility initiatives.

Pala Investments is a private equity investment firm established in 2006 and based in Zug, Switzerland. The firm specializes in the mining sector and is supported by a team of experienced professionals with a proven track record. Pala focuses on making majority investments through various strategies, including buyouts and growth equity, as well as utilizing debt instruments such as senior, mezzanine, and convertible debt. The firm's commitment to the mining industry underscores its expertise and dedication to fostering growth within this sector.

Fonds de solidarité FTQ is a private equity and venture capital firm based in Montreal, Canada, with additional offices in Quebec. Established in 1983, the firm specializes in investing in small and medium-sized businesses across various sectors, including natural resources, aerospace, agri-food, life sciences, and culture. It primarily focuses on projects that require funding of $3 million or more and provides loans up to $2 million. The firm actively seeks investment opportunities in Quebec, particularly in regions such as Abitibi-Témiscamingue and Montérégie. Fonds de solidarité FTQ invests in a range of activities, including business succession, financial restructuring, and market development, while avoiding sectors like retail, real estate, and biotechnology. It typically engages in equity financing and unsecured debt with investment horizons ranging from five to ten years. The firm aims to support projects that positively impact the Quebec economy and often takes either minority or majority stakes in its portfolio companies.

Desjardins Group, established in 1900, is a cooperative financial group based in Montreal, Canada. It offers a wide range of financial services to individuals and businesses, including personal banking, credit and loans, investments, insurance, and wealth management. Through its subsidiary, Desjardins Capital, the group provides venture capital and development capital to businesses and cooperatives across various sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing, technology, and agriculture. Desjardins Capital invests in startups, early-stage, and mature companies, typically providing equity or debt financing ranging from $0.09 million to $20 million for periods of 3 to 10 years. The group also offers corporate financing, debt capital markets, and equity capital markets services through its Desjardins Securities division.

Mitsui & Company, a global general trading company, specializes in a wide array of businesses. It procures, supplies, and trades diverse products, including iron and steel, minerals, metals, and chemicals, both domestically and internationally. The company also invests in and develops processing, distribution, and social infrastructure projects. Additionally, Mitsui & Company provides financing, leasing, and logistics services for machinery and equipment, and engages in retail support, real estate, and healthcare businesses. Through its global network, the company contributes to the stable supply of resources, materials, and energy, while also addressing environmental issues and adapting to changing consumer needs.

ArcelorMittal is a global leader in steel production and mining, serving diverse industries such as automotive, construction, household appliances, and packaging. The company is committed to developing technologies that reduce the carbon footprint of steel.

Nordic Investment Bank is an international financial institution headquartered in Helsinki, Finland. It provides sustainable, long-term financing to public and private sector clients on market terms, offering loans and guarantees for energy, environment, transport, infrastructure, telecom, and related projects. Owned by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden, the bank funds its lending through international capital markets. It serves governments, municipalities, large and mid-cap companies, financial institutions, and small and medium enterprises in member and non-member countries, and may support on-lending through financial intermediaries. Its projects emphasize competitiveness and sustainability in the Nordic-Baltic region.

Founded in 2015, FJ Labs is a New York-based venture capital firm focusing on stage-agnostic investments in marketplaces and consumer-facing startups. Their investment range varies from $50,000 to $5,000,000, typically at seed or series A stages.

HAX is a global venture capital-backed program dedicated to accelerating startups with a hardware element. Operating in San Francisco and Shenzhen, HAX focuses on rapid prototyping and iteration, helping teams develop scalable business plans and secure funding.

Santander UK provides a range of banking products and services to personal, business, and corporate customers in the United Kingdom. It operates through Retail Banking, Corporate & Commercial Banking, and Corporate & Investment Banking segments, offering current accounts, savings bonds, mortgages, loans, credit cards, insurance, investments, treasury market services, trade finance, and asset finance. The company serves customers through branches, ATMs, telephony, digital channels, and intermediaries.

JSW Steel Limited is an Indian manufacturer and distributor of steel products. The company offers semis, hot-rolled, cold-rolled, galvanized, color-coated steel, and long products. The majority of revenue comes from the Indian domestic market, and its products serve the automotive, construction, infrastructure, engineering, and consumer durables sectors. It operates as part of the JSW Group, focusing on integrated steel production and distribution to support growth in India's industrial sectors.

Resource Capital Funds, established in 1998 and headquartered in Denver, Colorado, is a private equity investment firm registered as an Investment Adviser. It specializes in the metals, minerals, and mining sectors, globally. The firm partners with companies at various stages, from post-exploration properties to producing assets, investing between $10 million to $200 million. Its funds, such as Resource Capital Fund IV (2006 vintage), have a broad geographic reach, spanning the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Oceania. The firm's goal is to build sustainable, successful businesses that generate superior returns for all stakeholders.

Tembo Capital, established in 2009, is a London-based private equity firm specializing in investments within the mining, metals, and minerals sectors. It focuses on emerging markets, targeting junior and mid-tier mining companies in developing countries. Tembo Capital typically invests between $5 million to $30 million per transaction, aiming to take majority stakes and create a diversified portfolio of ten to fifteen investments. The firm seeks to back companies actively developing quality mining assets, with a strong track record of identifying and supporting emerging resource companies. It is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.

Shenzhen Capital Group Co., Ltd (SCGC) is a venture capital firm founded in 1999 by the Shenzhen Government. The company is dedicated to fostering national industries, developing national brands, and promoting economic transformation through investments in emerging sectors. SCGC primarily targets small to medium enterprises and innovative high-tech companies, focusing on those in various stages of growth, including startups and those undergoing transformation. Its investment portfolio spans industries that align with national policy support, such as information technology, internet services, new media, biopharmaceuticals, new energy, environmental protection, chemical engineering, and high-end equipment manufacturing. With a registered capital of 5.42 billion RMB and significant assets under management, SCGC has established itself as a leader in the venture capital landscape, having invested in numerous companies, many of which have achieved public listings across global capital markets.