Sequoia Capital is a venture capital firm founded in 1972 and based in Menlo Park, California. The firm provides capital and strategic guidance to early-stage and growth-stage technology companies, often entering at the idea or formation stage and maintaining involvement as companies scale. It concentrates on a limited number of portfolio companies at a time and emphasizes long-term partnerships, collaboration among its internal teams and founders, and support in areas such as product development, company building, and market expansion. Its sector focus includes information technology, healthcare, manufacturing, mobile, nanotechnology, financial services, internet, energy, media and retail, with a global reach across the technology ecosystem.

Khosla Ventures is a California-based venture capital firm founded in 2004 that provides capital and strategic support to technology-driven startups across early- to late-stage cycles. It pursues opportunities in AI, digital health, healthcare technologies, sustainability, fintech, consumer and enterprise technology, and other frontier areas, focusing on innovative business models and world-class teams. The firm emphasizes a contrarian, long-term approach and seeks to help entrepreneurs address meaningful societal and economic challenges through science, technology, and design.

Andreessen Horowitz is a Menlo Park, California-based venture capital firm founded in 2009 by Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz. It funds technology startups across seed to late stages, with investments spanning software, cloud infrastructure, enterprise software and services, consumer internet, fintech, artificial intelligence, crypto, infrastructure, and biotechnology at the intersection of computer science and life sciences. The firm emphasizes supporting portfolio companies through growth and strategic partnerships and maintains a broad tech-focused investment approach, aiming to add value beyond capital.

Ulu Ventures is a Palo Alto–based seed and early-stage venture capital firm that backs technology companies across enterprise software, B2B and B2C platforms, healthtech, sustainability, fintech, edtech, and blockchain. Founded in 2008, the firm pursues a disciplined, decision-science approach to investing, evaluating risk-reward trade-offs and reducing cognitive bias, often co-investing with other angels or VCs to deploy between $500k and $1M per opportunity. Ulu prioritizes diverse founder teams, including women, minority, URM, and immigrant founders, and supports bold ideas with strong growth potential from seed onward. Based in the Bay Area, it has backed a broad portfolio, including unicorns, reflecting a track record of helping startups scale. The firm emphasizes technology-enabled services and internet-centric opportunities.

True Ventures is a Silicon Valley-based venture capital firm founded in 2005 and headquartered in Palo Alto, California, that backs early-stage technology startups. It concentrates on seed and Series A investments and supports founders with a hands-on, long-term approach through the True Platform, a set of programs designed to inspire professional and personal growth. The firm manages multiple funds and has raised billions in capital, backing more than 350 companies and helping to create tens of thousands of jobs worldwide. True Ventures is known for providing operational and strategic support across its portfolio and for a disciplined focus on founders and market-changing ideas. The firm was recognized as Venture Firm of the Year in 2018 by the National Venture Capital Association, reflecting its track record in helping startups scale.

SOSV is a global venture capital firm that provides early-stage and seed investments alongside structured accelerator programs and deeply resourced facilities to accelerate product development. Focused on deep tech, human and planetary health, and cross-border software, SOSV backs startups from pre-seed onward and runs programs that accelerate technical development, regulatory strategy, and fundraising. The firm maintains labs and engineering spaces with specialist staff in multiple regions, including the United States and Asia, to support portfolio companies in biosafety, chemistry, mechatronics, analytics, and electrical engineering. Programs such as HAX and other live events offer founders access to prototyping, testing, and investor networks. Annually, SOSV makes around sixty pre-seed investments (up to roughly $550k each) and participates in numerous follow-on rounds, leveraging a global portfolio and extensive co-investor network to help deeply technical startups scale and reach markets.

Kleiner Perkins is an American venture capital firm founded in 1972 and based in Menlo Park, California. It specializes in early-stage, growth, and incubation investments, partnering with founders from inception to IPO and beyond. The firm backs entrepreneurs across a broad range of sectors, including technology, digital media, life sciences, healthcare, consumer products and services, software, cybersecurity, and infrastructure, providing strategic guidance and networks to help companies scale and create long-term value.

SV Angel is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm established in 1992 that concentrates on seed to early-stage technology investments, notably in software and AI, primarily in the United States. The firm emphasizes long-term partnerships with founders and provides strategic support, business development, financing and M&A advice, leveraging its extensive network to offer introductions and resources beyond capital. Its portfolio includes OpenAI, Databricks, Eventbrite, Cedar and Vercel, illustrating a track record of backing transformative technology companies and helping them grow.

Founders Fund is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm that invests in science and technology companies across all stages, with a focus on transformational technologies and long-term impact. It backs startups addressing difficult problems in sectors such as aerospace, artificial intelligence, energy, information technology, software, advanced manufacturing and defense-related tech, and it emphasizes a founder-friendly approach that provides support with minimal interference. The firm has backed prominent companies including SpaceX, Palantir, Facebook and Airbnb, reflecting a history of early backing for high-growth ventures. Founders Fund seeks global opportunities and partners with entrepreneurs to navigate rapid technological change, from seed to growth investments.

TSVC is a venture capital firm founded in 2010 and based in Los Altos, California, that focuses on early-stage, deep-technology startups. The firm backs technically ambitious founders, including immigrant founders, across sectors such as AI, software, robotics, semiconductors, biotech, fintech, and energy. It has built a broad portfolio since inception, with notable early bets on companies like Zoom, Carta, and Ginkgo Bioworks, reflecting a track record of helping early-stage teams scale to unicorns and public markets. TSVC emphasizes hands-on support and domain expertise in areas like AI, physics-based AI, and advanced manufacturing, and operates with a global outlook across the United States, Canada, and Asia. The firm is known for partnering with founders at the seed and early stages to develop defensible technology and impactful companies in the next wave of innovation.

Lux Capital is a venture capital firm focused on investing in companies at the intersection of science, technology, and industry. The firm backs ventures applying research across sectors including artificial intelligence, biotechnology, advanced materials, space, and energy, with an emphasis on translating complex innovations into scalable businesses. Lux provides capital together with strategic input on product development, company building, and long-term positioning, and takes an active role to help founders navigate technical and market challenges. The firm evaluates opportunities based on the underlying science, potential industry impact, and feasibility of execution over extended horizons. With offices in New York and Silicon Valley, Lux collaborates with technical founders, researchers, and teams to build durable market leaders and accelerate scientific breakthroughs into real-world applications.

New Enterprise Associates is a United States-based venture capital firm founded in 1977 and headquartered in Menlo Park, California. It invests in technology and healthcare companies across multiple stages, from seed to growth and IPO, and provides strategic support in product development and market expansion. The firm targets sectors including software, AI, consumer technology, digital health, life sciences, and energy technology, and pursues opportunities worldwide. NEA emphasizes long-term partnerships with founders, drawing on domain expertise and a broad network to help portfolio companies scale. It maintains a diverse portfolio across the United States, Asia and other regions, reflecting a global approach to venture investing.

Greycroft is a venture capital firm that concentrates on technology startups and investments in the Internet and mobile markets. With offices in New York and Los Angeles, Greycroft leverages a wide network of media and technology industry connections to help entrepreneurs gain visibility, build strategic relationships, bring products to market, and grow successful businesses. The firm manages more than $1 billion in assets and has completed over 200 investments in companies such as Acorns, Venmo, Huffington Post, Boxed, Braintree, Scopely, Shipt, Thrive Market, Maker Studios, and The RealReal. Greycroft focuses on partnering with founders to accelerate growth and scale product-driven businesses.

ICONIQ Capital is a global multi-family office and investment firm based in San Francisco that provides financial advisory and family office services while managing direct investments across asset classes. The firm focuses on technology-driven opportunities, including enterprise software, fintech, information technology, artificial intelligence, and healthcare IT, and pursues growth equity, venture capital, middle-market buyouts, and real estate. It serves influential families and organizations, acting as a trusted advisor to facilitate strategic relationships, governance, and impact initiatives. ICONIQ operates with a network of offices in San Francisco, London, Palo Alto, Singapore, and New York, and maintains a registered investment adviser framework. Through growth platforms such as ICONIQ Growth, the firm supports early-stage to later-stage software and information technology companies, leveraging a broad ecosystem of leaders and founders to accelerate value creation. The company emphasizes a global reach and a disciplined, long-term investment approach.

Craft Ventures is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm specializing in early-stage and growth technology investments. It backs founder-led teams across sectors such as enterprise software, consumer technology, and financial services, focusing on scalable and durable business models. The firm blends entrepreneurial experience with investment insight through a team of former founders, operators, and investors who favor practical, high-value collaboration. Craft Ventures aims to help portfolio companies scale by providing strategic guidance and access to senior talent, with a focus on emerging technologies. Notable investments include ElevenLabs and Comfy, reflecting an interest in AI-enabled and platform-driven startups.

Felicis Ventures is a Menlo Park, California-based venture capital firm founded in 2006 by Aydin Senkut that concentrates on early-stage investments in software, information technology and frontier technologies. The firm backs bold founders seeking to build market-defining companies and often leads or co-leads investments, while providing mentoring and advisory support beyond capital. Its portfolio spans AI, cybersecurity, health, energy and consumer internet, including unicorns such as Shopify, Canva and Notion, and represents 23 nationalities with investments in six countries outside the United States. Felicis emphasizes speed in deal-making, frequently completing term sheets within 24 hours.

Index Ventures is a venture capital firm headquartered in London with offices in San Francisco and Geneva. It partners with technology entrepreneurs across software, AI, fintech, healthcare, data, media, mobility and related sectors to provide early and growth-stage capital and strategic guidance. The firm supports portfolio companies through all development stages, including sourcing opportunities, due diligence, structuring financing, and ongoing advisory interactions, leveraging a global network of industry connections to help founders scale, enter new markets, attract customers and partners. Notable portfolio companies include Adyen, Deliveroo, Dropbox, Farfetch, King, Slack and Supercell. Index Ventures emphasizes backing exceptional teams with ambitious ideas and provides resources to help them execute growth plans, product development, and market expansion globally.

Bossa Invest is a venture capital firm based in São Paulo, Brazil, founded in 2011. It focuses on software-as-a-service startups in Latin America, providing growth capital, mentorship, and access to a broad network of strategic partners and co-investors to help portfolio companies scale, and operates a corporate venture capital arm that collaborates with corporate partners through flexible operating models and end-to-end support.

Ribbit Capital is a Palo Alto-based venture capital firm founded in 2012 that invests in financial services and fintech companies worldwide. It backs startups building infrastructure, platforms, or tools to transform how financial services are delivered, accessed, or experienced, with activity in lending, payments, insurance, banking, and digital assets. The firm also invests in information technology, mobile, and insurance technology sectors as part of its broad fintech focus, supporting early- to growth-stage companies that aim to disrupt financial services.

Thomvest Ventures is a venture capital firm founded in 1996 and headquartered in San Francisco, California, with additional offices in Redwood City and Toronto. The firm makes cross-stage investments, backing early-stage, startup, mid-venture, and growth-stage companies across fintech, marketing technology, cybersecurity, sales, and cloud infrastructure. It typically targets initial investments in Series A and Series B rounds, with the ability to provide follow-on funding, and it invests equity or venture debt. While its activity has a West Coast tilt, Thomvest also considers opportunities in other parts of the United States and Canada. The firm emphasizes partnerships with mission-driven founders and supports portfolio companies through mentorship, strategic guidance, and access to its industry network. Thomvest Ventures is associated with Peter J. Thomson and his family, reflecting a long-standing, family-backed approach to long-term partnerships and value creation.

Array Ventures is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm founded in 2016 that focuses on data and artificial intelligence startups. It backs category-leading companies that use data analytics, workflows, and new platforms to transform industries, and seeks bold founders who can envision the world 2, 5, and 10 years ahead and why they will win. The firm provides hands-on support beyond funding, leveraging a network of over 500 industry experts who advise, mentor, and connect portfolio companies to talent and customers. The portfolio includes AI, SaaS, Martech, and Robotics companies, with about 52 active investments and 10 exits to date. Leadership comprises Shruti Gandhi, Elias Torres, and Katie Jansen, and the firm operates from San Francisco.

Liquid 2 Ventures is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm founded in 2015 by Joe Montana, Mike Miller, and Michael Ma. It provides seed- and early-stage capital to technology startups, occasionally supporting later rounds such as Series B, and often invests alongside co-investors. The firm emphasizes strategic introductions and hands-on guidance to help portfolio companies scale, with a focus on software, TMT, and other technology sectors. By partnering with founders and other investors, Liquid 2 Ventures aims to align capital with long-term company growth.

Cowboy Ventures is a Palo Alto-based independent venture capital firm that concentrates on early-stage technology startups, often at pre-product or seed stages. It distinguishes itself with a founder-first, hands-on approach that provides strategic guidance, deep domain expertise, and access to a curated community of founders, operators, and tech leaders. The firm backs companies across sectors including enterprise software, fintech, infrastructure and security, healthcare, consumer, and the future of work, supporting them from pre-product through Series A and aiming to help build generational companies. It has a track record of successful exits and emphasizes being a loyal partner throughout a startup's journey in the United States.

Greylock Partners is a venture capital firm founded in 1965 and headquartered in Menlo Park, California. The firm invests across all stages—from seed to growth—in consumer and enterprise software and related information technology. It backs startups that define new markets and often takes board seats to help portfolio companies scale. While predominantly active in the United States, Greylock also pursues opportunities in Europe, Israel, India, and China. The firm maintains offices in San Francisco and Wellesley and supports companies across the software, cloud/SaaS, data analytics, security, and fintech spaces, among others.

Electric Capital is a venture capital firm founded in 2018 and based in Palo Alto, California. It focuses on investing in founders building frontier technologies, including AI, cryptography, and distributed systems, with additional emphasis on blockchain and cryptocurrency sectors and reducing reliance on intermediaries. The firm partners with founders at all stages, from preseed to IPO, offering hands-on support in product development, team building, regulatory navigation, and market development, backed by a team of engineers and industry advisors. Electric Capital has invested over $3 billion across more than 100 startups, with a track record of portfolio companies that have generated substantial value and products used by billions. The firm emphasizes technical expertise and ecosystem connections to help its portfolio companies scale and innovate.

Foundation Capital is a Palo Alto-based venture capital firm founded in 1995 that makes venture investments across stages and sectors, including software, fintech, consumer technology, data infrastructure, energy tech, and AI. It focuses on supporting founders from early stages and often acts as lead investor, taking board seats and building long-term relationships. The firm has backed notable companies such as LendingClub, Netflix, and Sunrun, and has led or participated in numerous IPOs and strategic exits across consumer, software, digital energy, and financial technology spaces.

General Catalyst is a venture capital firm that funds early-stage and growth companies across sectors including consumer, enterprise software, fintech, crypto, and healthcare. Based in San Francisco with offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts and other locations, it provides capital and strategic guidance to help entrepreneurs build scalable, durable businesses. The firm emphasizes the use of technology, including artificial intelligence, to accelerate growth and drive meaningful impact. General Catalyst partners with management teams to support product development, go-to-market strategies, and organizational growth, aiming to back companies with potential for wide adoption and long-term value creation, rather than focusing solely on near-term exits.

Mohr Davidow Ventures is a California-based venture capital firm founded in 1983 and based in San Mateo. It concentrates on early-stage technology startups, investing across information technology, cloud computing, data analytics, digital media, and related sectors, with a history of supporting digital engagement, ecommerce, health tech, education, and life sciences ventures. The firm participates in seed through growth rounds (Series A and B) and has backed notable companies including Coupa, Genomatica, HealthTap, Infusionsoft, Kabbage, Shutterfly, Rally Software, and Verinata Health. It manages about $1.85 billion and aims to back entrepreneurs building scalable, customer-centric platforms.

Section 32 is a California-based venture capital firm founded in 2017 and headquartered in Silicon Valley. It concentrates on early‑stage technology, software, data, AI, enterprise software, cybersecurity, quantum computing, computational biology, biotechnology, life sciences, and healthcare companies across the United States. Founded by Bill Maris, the firm pursues a capital‑constrained, hands‑on investment approach, reserving substantial resources for a small number of companies and offering active support in areas such as talent acquisition and execution. Section 32 seeks founders building iconic, frontier‑level technology companies that can broadly improve the human condition.

Initialized Capital is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm that backs early-stage technology startups, with a primary focus on seed investments. It provides long-term support to founders through mentorship and resources to help companies progress from inception to growth. The firm invests across a diverse set of technology sectors, including software, artificial intelligence, infrastructure, sustainability, health, consumer technology, and crypto, reflecting a broad technology orientation and commitment to disruptive innovation.

Blockchain Builders Fund is a Palo Alto-based early-stage venture capital firm focused on blockchain technology, fintech, and related areas such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. It supports founders connected to the Stanford ecosystem by providing capital, access to the Stanford crypto community, strategic introductions, and distribution support to accelerate blockchain adoption. The firm backs experienced teams aiming to build interoperable, trustless decentralized systems and mainstream blockchain applications, including digital ownership, coordination, and privacy-preserving data sharing.

Amicus Capital is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm founded in 1998 that focuses on seed and early-stage information technology companies. The firm typically invests in the first funding round alongside angel investors and other early backers, supporting entrepreneurs developing IT solutions that address broad business or consumer needs. Over its history, Amicus Capital has backed more than 60 seed-stage IT companies, with several portfolio companies subsequently attracting funding from leading Silicon Valley firms and going public or being acquired.

DCM Ventures is a venture capital firm founded in 1996 and based in Menlo Park, California, with offices in Silicon Valley, Beijing and Tokyo. It invests in software, consumer, enterprise, health tech, fintech and deep tech companies across the United States and Asia, and provides hands-on operational guidance and a global network to portfolio firms. The firm manages multiple funds totaling about four billion dollars and has backed more than 400 technology companies, focusing on helping portfolio companies scale and reach hyper-growth.

Mana Ventures is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm founded in 2016 that invests in early-stage artificial intelligence and deep-tech companies across sectors such as AI software, space, healthtech, biotech, robotics, and autonomy. It provides hands-on support to portfolio companies, helping them prepare for funding rounds, scale product and business development, and connect with strategic investors and potential customers. The firm operates The Collective, a value-add network of founders, investors, executives, and specialists that supports portfolio growth. Mana Ventures also curates deal flow and updates through a newsletter, highlighting notable funding milestones and opportunities for ambitious founders.

Lombardstreet Ventures is a Silicon Valley–based venture capital firm that backs US startups at pre-seed and seed stages, with a focus on B2B software, SaaS, infrastructure, open source, developer tools, API-first solutions, and enterprise AI infrastructure. The firm remains open to exceptional opportunities outside its core areas and emphasizes hands-on collaboration with founders in early development. Founded in 2010 and based in the San Francisco Bay Area, Lombardstreet Ventures supports portfolio companies across AI, climate, fintech, healthtech, consumer, and marketplace sectors, primarily within the United States and Silicon Valley, to help them scale and navigate fundraising and growth.

First Round Capital is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm focused on pre-seed, seed, and early-stage investments in technology, healthcare, and consumer sectors. It aims to build a community of technology entrepreneurs and provides founder-focused services to help companies grow from inception, including hands-on involvement and networking opportunities. The firm has offices in San Francisco and New York and typically makes initial investments around $500,000, with a track record of helping portfolio companies raise follow-on capital and advance to later rounds. Notable portfolio companies include Uber, Square, and Warby Parker.

Red Rock Ventures is a Palo Alto, California-based venture capital firm focusing on seed and early-stage information technology companies, including IT services, software and technology, media and telecommunications sectors.

Unusual Ventures is a seed-stage venture capital firm based in Menlo Park, California, founded in 2018. It provides hands-on support and expertise to early-stage startups, helping them reach product-market fit. The firm invests across enterprise software, tools and infrastructure, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and fintech, as well as consumer products such as marketplaces and social apps. Typical investments are at the seed or pre-seed stage, and the firm operates founder-focused programs including Unusual Academy and Get Ahead, which offers early-stage funding and resources to help portfolio companies grow. Get Ahead involves investments that convert to equity in subsequent rounds via convertible notes, supporting founders as they scale. The approach emphasizes a field-guide-based framework for achieving PMF and ongoing founder services through a supportive portfolio, with operations centered in Menlo Park and services extended to U.S. startups.

Spike Ventures is a venture capital firm that invests in Stanford-connected companies.

Endure Capital is a Palo Alto, California-based venture capital firm founded in 2016 that backs early-stage technology startups globally. It focuses on ventures capable of delivering positive societal impact and takes a hands-on approach to support founders. The firm prioritizes integrity, professionalism, and long-term partnerships, seeking resourceful and imaginative entrepreneurs solving meaningful problems and aiming to build enduring, high-growth companies.

Neotribe Ventures is a California-based venture capital firm founded in 2017 that finances technology companies from early to growth stages. The firm concentrates on applied artificial intelligence, biotech, enterprise infrastructure, the Internet of Things, and weather tech, seeking to back ambitious teams with breakthrough technologies. Based in Menlo Park, California, Neotribe also maintains offices in Saratoga and San Francisco to support its activities across the region.

De Novo Ventures is a venture capital firm based in Saratoga, California, founded in 2000. It focuses on healthcare and biotechnology, including medical devices, and participates in both early-stage and later-stage investments to support product development and commercialization.

Matter Venture Partners is a venture capital firm focused on hard tech startups. The firm uses a hands-on, operational approach called The Matter Effect, blending deep industry experience with strategic relationships to accelerate progress from breakthrough to scale and to fill gaps left by software-focused venture capital. Its portfolio includes Path Robotics, Lumafield, Kargo, and Cesium Astro, among other value-driven hard tech companies. Matter maintains a global footprint anchored in Silicon Valley, with offices in Los Angeles, Taiwan, and Japan, and is headquartered in Palo Alto, California. The network includes strategic partners across semiconductor and related industries, notably TSMC, to support the next generation of hard tech entrepreneurs. Founded in 2023, Matter Venture Partners operates as a venture capital firm focused on funding and guiding hard tech startups from seed to growth with a practical, relationship-driven approach.

Honeystone Ventures is a Palo Alto-based venture capital firm that focuses on early-stage software investments, including pre-seed and seed rounds. The firm aims to fuse academic rigor and research with its investment strategy and the development of its portfolio companies.

Boutique Venture Partners is a Palo Alto-based venture capital firm specializing in early-stage healthcare and life sciences companies. The team comprises scientists and clinicians who partner with founders to develop innovative healthcare solutions with solid intellectual property, authentic leadership, and meaningful growth potential. The firm leverages deep connections within the healthcare ecosystem to gain access to breakthrough innovations from premier academic institutions and industry players. Its investment focus includes early disease detection, precision health, biotech, medtech, and digital health, aiming to support technologies that can transform health outcomes and deliver societal impact. Boutique Venture Partners emphasizes rigorous scientific and operational collaboration with portfolio companies to help translate discoveries into scalable products and therapies, seeking ventures with clear IP, strong domain expertise, and large growth potential.

Constellar Ventures is a San Jose-based venture capital firm founded in 2020 that focuses on early-stage technology investments and pre-IPO opportunities. The firm seeks to back startups in technology-driven sectors, including artificial intelligence, augmented reality, virtual reality, and related emerging technologies. It provides capital and resources to help founders scale operations, develop innovative products, and navigate market entry. Through its portfolio approach, Constellar Ventures aims to support ventures at the forefront of AI, IoT, AR, and new media, helping them advance solutions across industries while pursuing growth opportunities in the technology landscape.

Annex Ventures is a venture capital firm headquartered in San Jose, California, with an additional office in Los Altos. Founded in the mid-2000s, it focuses on early and growth-stage investments in hi-tech, biotechnology, and life sciences companies, including medical devices, software and hardware security, internet applications, and related sectors. The firm funds startups nationwide and often participates in co-investments with other investors. Typical initial commitments range from $0.1 million to $2 million, and Annex Ventures seeks to back companies across technology and life sciences with the potential for scalable products and markets.

Mighty Capital, formerly The Angels' Forum, is a Silicon Valley–based early-stage investment group founded in 1997 by Carol Sands. It has two decades of experience and, according to industry profiles, over $75 million invested in hundreds of companies, with many achieving successful exits. The firm targets Bay Area startups that have secured initial capital or generate revenue, investing across seed to early stages with check sizes ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions and often participating in follow-on rounds. It co-invests with larger venture funds and provides entrepreneurs with resources and guidance on fundraising and due diligence through blogs and webinars. The organization maintains a broad focus across software, technology, and life sciences, with a Silicon Valley footprint in Mountain View and Redwood City.

Theorem Ventures is a San Francisco-based venture capital firm founded in 2007 that concentrates on technology-focused companies in the San Francisco Bay Area. It provides value-added seed and angel capital and offers practical guidance at key inflection points, including positioning, fundraising, connections, team building, business development, sales, messaging, marketing, and communications, as well as potential M&A or IPO strategies. The firm draws on the founders' experience building and scaling tech ventures and advising startups, and has backed companies such as Delphix, Smule, Automatic, Raise.me, and OfferUp, with exits including Atomic and ComContext. Theorem Ventures emphasizes hands-on support throughout a portfolio company's lifecycle and concentrates its efforts on opportunities in San Francisco and Silicon Valley.

Refactor is a seed-stage venture firm led by Zal Bilimoria and based in Burlingame, California. It backs US-based hard-tech startups that build physical systems across aerospace, energy, bio, critical materials, immune health, and AI infrastructure, prioritizing durable moats, long development cycles, and sticky customer value. The firm makes first-dollar checks to founders rebuilding industries and operates with a founder-first approach. Its portfolio includes Solugen, Astranis, PathAI, Clover Health, Knowde, Berkeley Yeast, 64-X Bio, Phytoform, Onyx Bio, Headspace, and other ventures. Refactor has notable exits and scale, including Uniform Teeth's acquisition by Impress, Kip's acquisition by Modern Health, and Clover Health's public listing. Zal Bilimoria joined a16z in 2013, helped launch their Bio Fund, and founded Refactor in 2015 as an early spinout. The firm is based in Burlingame and invites ambitious teams to submit opportunities for consideration.